Bacterial Competition In Lab Shows Evolution Never Stops
Evolution is relentless process that seems to keep going and going, even when creatures live in a stable, unchanging world.
That's the latest surprise from a unique experiment that's been underway for more than a quarter-century.
Evolution is so important for biology, medicine and a general understanding of our world that scientists want to understand it as fully as possible. That's why, in 1988, biologist Richard Lenski took a dozen glass flasks and added identical bacteria to each of them. Those 12 populations have been evolving ever since, letting scientists watch evolution in real time.
Michigan State's Richard Lenski pulls cultures of bacteria from a lab freezer.
Day after day â including holidays and weekends â workers in Lenski's lab at Michigan State University in East Lansing feed and care for the E. coli bacteria. The bacteria eat and divide again and again. The original microbes have produced more than 50,000 generations over the last 25 years.
Random mutations have allowed them to get fitter, meaning they reproduce faster. "In evolutionary biology, fitness is this representation of the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce," says Lenski. He explains that all else being equal, organisms that reproduce more quickly will have an advantage when competing with those that reproduce more slowly.
Early on, Lenski predicted his bacteria would adapt and adapt but eventually hit a wall â that they would reach a peak level of fitness they couldn't improve on.
"Evolutionary biologists have long thought of evolution as a process that continues indefinitely because the world is constantly changing," says Lenski. But his bacteria live in an unchanging world â their glass bottles stay at a steady temperature and they constantly are fed the same food.
It turns out, though, that the bacteria haven't stopped evolving, and it looks like they never will, according to a report Lenski's group has now published in the journal Science.
Lenski, along with colleagues Michael Wiser and Noah Ribeck, dug into a freezer that holds samples of the bacteria that were taken every few months over the course of the whole experiment. The researchers can pull out, say, the 10,000th or 40,000th generation and bring these frozen bacteria back to life.
"We can actually compete organisms that lived at different points in time, so we can compete the evolved bacteria head to head against their ancestors," says Lenski.
What they've found is that the bacteria just keep getting fitter and fitter and fitter. The pace of improvement is slowing down, but shows no sign of stopping.
In their tests, the original ancestor doubles its population in about an hour, says Lenski, but the 50,000th generation can do that in around 40 minutes. And the researchers calculate that future generations will reproduce even faster. "We predicted that in about a million years, their doubling time might be on the order of about 20 minutes," says Lenski.
He says some bacteria can actually achieve that, in environments more rich in nutrients than the flasks in his lab, so it doesn't seem like a crazy, ridiculous prediction.
Still, that would be a lot of change for creatures living in an unchanging world, and it offers a new insight on how evolution can just keep on going and going.
Does Lenski think his long-term experiment will still be around in million years, to test his predictions? "I doubt it," he says.
But he would love to see it last another 25 years, at least. "I think it's still got a lot to teach us about how evolution works under these very idealized but very transparent conditions," says Lenski, who eventually plans to pass the experiment on to a younger scientist.
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Transcript
RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:
Every day, researchers in a Michigan lab carefully tend to a dozen glass bottles full of bacteria. That bacteria started out as identical but the separate populations have been evolving for 25 years. This unique long-term experiment is letting scientists watch evolution happen in real time.
NPR's Nell Greenfieldboyce reports on their latest and surprising discovery.
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NELL GREENFIELDBOYCE, BYLINE: When I visited Richard Lenski's lab at Michigan State University about a year ago, he opened up an incubator to introduce me to some old friends.
RICHARD LENSKI: These 12 flasks here are the 12 populations of this long-term experiment that's been going on in the lab since 1988.
GREENFIELDBOYCE: The E. coli bacteria in these flasks just eat and divide, eat and divide. In the last quarter-century, they've produced over 50,000 generations and random mutations have allowed them to get fitter.
LENSKI: In evolutionary biology, fitness is this representation of the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce.
GREENFIELDBOYCE: For his bacteria, being fitter means reproducing faster. Because all things being equal...
LENSKI: Organisms that reproduce more quickly will have an advantage in competition with those that reproduce more slowly.
GREENFIELDBOYCE: Now, biologists have long thought that evolution goes on and on and never stops because the world is constantly changing - maybe the climate heats up, maybe an asteroid hits, and life has to adapt. But Lenski's bacteria live in an unchanging world. Their glass bottles stay at a steady temperature. They constantly are fed the same food. So early on, Lenski predicted his bacteria would adapt and adapt but eventually hit a wall - a peak level of fitness they couldn't improve on.
It turns out, that's not how it is. Lenski and his team have just published a report in the journal Science. It shows the bacteria have not stopped evolving and it looks like they never will. Lenski's group did their new analysis with the help of something he showed me at his lab, a freezer.
LENSKI: In here we have racks of little boxes. And in the little boxes are little glass vials.
GREENFIELDBOYCE: And in the little glass vials are samples of the bacteria that were taken every few months over the whole course of this experiment. Lenski can pull out, say, the thousandth generation, or the 40,000th generation, and bring these frozen bacteria back to life.
LENSKI: We can actually compete organisms that lived at different points in time. So we can compete the evolved bacteria head-to-head against their ancestors.
GREENFIELDBOYCE: To measure how fit they are. What the scientists found is that the bacteria have just been getting fitter and fitter and fitter. The pace of improvement is slowing down but shows no sign of stopping. In their tests, the original ancestor can double its population in about an hour. Fifty-thousand generation later, the bacteria do that in 40 minutes. Lenski calculates that future generations will reproduce even faster.
LENSKI: We predicted that in about a million years, their doubling time might be on the order of about 20 minutes.
GREENFIELDBOYCE: That would be a lot of change for creatures living in an unchanging world. And it offers a new perspective on just how relentless evolution really is. I asked Lenski if he thought his long-term experiment would still be around in million years, to test his predictions.
LENSKI: I doubt it. But I would love to see it continue for at least another 25 years. I think it's still got a lot to teach us about how evolution works under these very idealized, but very transparent conditions.
GREENFIELDBOYCE: Eventually, Lenski plans to hand the experiment off to another, younger scientist.
Nell Greenfieldboyce, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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