In Bolivia, A Child's Place Is In The Market And The Mines
In the Bolivian city of El Alto on a recent day, youngsters shout out the destinations of departing buses to lure passengers.
One of these barkers is 15-year-old Luis Canaza. He earns about 12 cents for every bus he fills.
Canaza says he began working at age 7, helping his parents sell tennis shoes. On weekends, he performs clown shows.
All told, an estimated 850,000 Bolivian children work. They sell food and clothes at outdoor markets. They mine silver and harvest sugar cane.
As the number of child workers falls around the world, Bolivia is moving in the opposite direction. A new law makes the South American nation the only one in the world that legally allows boys and girls as young as age 10 to hold jobs.
Abigail, 11, sells pastries on a street in El Alto in June. Under the new law, 10-year-olds can work as long as they have parental consent and also attend school.
These young workers have a high-profile role model: President Evo Morales, who is the son of peasant farmers and began herding llamas with his father when he was only 4.
In fact, most child laborers in Bolivia are under 14, which had been the minimum work age. But last year, child workers marched to the presidential palace in La Paz to demand legal recognition and greater protections for under-14 workers — and lawmakers acted.
Now, as long as they stay in school, children who have parental consent may work under contract starting at age 12. Children from age 10 may be self-employed. The law also mandates stiff penalties for employers who abuse child workers.
Communications Minister Amanda Dávila says the law recognizes the harsh realities of a country where 42 percent of the population is poor and children are often expected to help support their families.
"The politically correct thing to say is that kids shouldn't work," Dávila says. "But the government thinks this position amounts to hypocrisy."
Carlos Cachari Ticona, 12, works with child laborers. He is among the adolescent workers who support the new law that allows kids as young as 10 to work.
Still, the new law puts Bolivia at odds with the International Labor Organization, which stipulates 14 as the minimum work age for developing countries.
"We expressed our concern because ... a 10-years-aged child should have different kinds of opportunities, no?" says Marcoluigi Corsi, the UNICEF representative in Bolivia.
Education is the best way out of poverty, and children who work often fall behind at school, Corsi adds. He predicts the new law will encourage more preteens to seek jobs.
"Actually, you create a situation which is worse than what you have now," he says.
Others say the law will go unenforced. For example, it's easy to find kids working jobs that the government classifies as too hazardous for children. Among them is brick-making, where dust and toxic fumes are part of the process.
At a La Paz brick factory, Hugo Cupana, 9, is one of the workers.
Hugo and his sister work there after school, stacking freshly baked bricks into wheelbarrows and pushing them into the warehouse. They earn about $3 for every 1,000 bricks they move. Fernando Siles, the factory owner, says labor inspectors have never bothered him.
In fact, Siles believes he's doing a good deed and points out that many of these kids are homeless and hungry. By teaching children to make bricks, he says, "we are teaching them to earn their daily bread."
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Transcript
ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:
Across the globe, the number of child workers is falling as nations encourage minors to study rather than take jobs. But in South America, Bolivia is moving in the opposite direction. A new law makes Bolivia the only nation in the world that legally allows boys and girls as young as age 10 to hold jobs. John Otis tells us why.
JOHN OTIS, BYLINE: In the Bolivian city of El Alto, youngsters shout out the destinations of departing buses to lure passengers.
LUIS CANAZA: (Foreign language spoken).
OTIS: One of these barkers is 15-year-old Luis Canaza. He earns about 12 cents for every bus he fills.
CANAZA: (Foreign language spoken).
OTIS: Canaza says he began working at age 7 helping his parents sell tennis shoes. On weekends, he performs clown shows. All told, some 850,000 Bolivian children work. They sell food and clothes at outdoor markets. They mine silver and harvest sugarcane. They also have a high-profile role model.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
PRESIDENT EVO MORALES: (Foreign language spoken).
OTIS: President Evo Morales, who is the son of peasant farmers, began herding llamas with his father when he was only 4.
In fact, most child laborers in Bolivia are under 14, which had been the minimum work age. But last year, child workers marched to the presidential palace in La Paz to demand legal recognition and greater protections for under-14 workers. And lawmakers acted.
Now as long as they stay in school, children starting at age 12 who have parental consent may work under contract. Children from age 10 may be self-employed. The law, which was passed in July, also mandates stiff penalties for employers who abuse child workers.
Communications Minister Amanda Davila says the law recognizes the harsh realities of a country where 42 percent of the population is poor and children are often expected to help support their families.
AMANDA DAVILA: (Foreign language spoken).
OTIS: The politically correct thing to say is that kids shouldn't work, Davila says. But the government thinks this position amounts to hypocrisy. Still, the new law puts Bolivia at odds with the International Labor Organization, which stipulates 14 as the minimum work age for developing countries.
MARCOLUIGI CORSI: We express our concern because, again, 10-years-age child should have a different kind of opportunities, no?
OTIS: Marcoluigi Corsi is the UNICEF representative here. He says education is the best way out of poverty and that children who work often fall behind at school. 'Course he predicts the new law will encourage more preteens to seek jobs.
CORSI: Actually, you create a situation which is worse than what you have now.
OTIS: Others claim the law will go unenforced. For example, it's easy to find kids working jobs that the government classifies as too hazardous for children. Among them is brick-making due to the dust and toxic fumes. At this La Paz brick factory, I meet Hugo Cupana, who is only 9.
(Speaking Spanish) Como te llamas tu?
HUGO CUPANA: Hugo.
OTIS: Hugo? Hugo...
UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN: (Unintelligible).
OTIS: OK. Hugo, (speaking Spanish) cuantos anos tienes?
HUGO: Nueve.
OTIS: Nueve? OK.
Hugo and his sister work here after school stacking freshly-baked bricks into wheelbarrows then pushing them into the warehouse. They earn about $3 for every thousand bricks they move. Fernando Siles, the factory owner, says he's never been bothered by labor inspectors.
FERNANDO SILES: (Speaking Spanish).
OTIS: In fact, Siles believes he's doing a good deed and points out that many of these kids are homeless and hungry. By teaching children to make bricks, he says, we are teaching them to earn their daily bread. For NPR News, I'm John Otis. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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