'Buckyballs' Solve Century-Old Mystery About Interstellar Space
Researchers in Switzerland say they've solved a nearly 100-year-old astronomical mystery by discovering what's in the wispy cloud of gas that floats in the space between the stars.
Astronomers have known since 1922 that there was some invisible substance in between the stars. That's the year a young astronomy graduate student named Mary Lea Heger (who later became Mary Lea Shane) reported that something was absorbing specific frequencies of light coming from distant stars.
Figuring out what that something was, though, hasn't been easy.
"Many, I don't know, hundreds of papers have been written about this puzzle since 1922," says chemist Harry Kroto of Florida State University, who has written a few of those papers himself.
In 1985, Kroto and some other scientists discovered a totally new form of carbon made up of 60 carbon atoms. These molecules are called "buckyballs," because they resemble the geodesic domes that architect Buckminster Fuller was designing in the 1960s.
He argued that the buckyballs might explain the space puzzle.
"I realized that it would be very stable in the interstellar medium, much more stable than anything else because it can survive the radiation field which is quite high," Kroto says.
Kroto shared the Nobel Prize in 1996 for discovering the buckyballs.
To prove buckyballs are the stuff in interstellar space, you'd want to see if they absorb light in a lab in the same way they do in space. But you'd need a lab set up that mimicked the space environment.
"Friend of mine, John Maier in Basel, and his group, have been developing techniques to try to simulate these conditions in the laboratory," Kroto says. "Now this is not easy. This is low pressure, and very low temperature."
But Maier managed it.
Twenty years ago, Maier says, his lab at the University of Basel created a pretty good simulation of interstellar conditions. When they did that, a form of buckyball known as C60+ appeared to absorb light at just the right frequencies.
But Maier wasn't satisfied with the setup, and neither were critics, who weren't convinced that C60+ really was the stuff floating around interstellar space. So he spent the past two decades making the lab conditions more spacelike. As he reports in the journal Nature, he's now satisfied. So apparently, are the critics.
Maier thinks there will be more to the buckyballs-in-space story. He thinks they may be part of the explanation for how new stars form.
"Probably these buckyballs are being formed as stars burn out, and perhaps get spat into interstellar space, and ultimately it's all recycled back into the formation of new stars," Maier says.
For his part, Kroto is absolutely thrilled that his 30-year-old prediction about finding C60 buckyballs in interstellar space has proved true.
"It looks as though C60 is all over the place," Kroto says. "And the incredible thing is it took us 'til the end of the 20th century, 1985, to find this thing. But it was basically detected in space in 1922, and that is just incredible."
Better late than never.
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Transcript
DAVID GREENE, HOST:
OK, sometimes I see an item on our story list and, frankly, I have no idea what's going on, like this one this morning - buckyballs in space. It is part of our colleague Joe Palca's project, Joe's Big Idea. Joe is focusing on a mysterious substance floating around interstellar space. Identifying it was really a scientific mystery that took a century to solve.
JOE PALCA, BYLINE: The story begins in 1922. Mary Lea Heger was a young graduate student in astronomy. She was studying the different frequencies of light coming from different stars. And she noticed that something was absorbing some of that light at certain, very specific frequencies. Astronomers, chemists and spectroscopists have spent the hundred years since trying to figure out what that something was.
HARRY KROTO: Many - I don't know - hundreds of papers have been written on this puzzle since 1922.
PALCA: Chemist Harry Kroto has been part of the search party. In 1985, Kroto thought he'd cracked it. He and some others discovered a totally new form of carbon made up of 60 carbon atoms. These molecules are called buckyballs because they resemble the geodesic domes the architect Buckminster Fuller was designing in the 1960s. Kroto reckoned these buckyballs had just the right properties to make them good candidates for explaining the mystery.
KROTO: I realized that it would be very stable in the interstellar medium, much more stable than anything else because it can survive the radiation field, which is quite high.
PALCA: Kroto shared the Nobel Prize in 1996 for discovering buckyballs. But there's an old saying in science that just because something looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, that doesn't prove it's a duck. No, to prove buckyballs were what was floating around in interstellar space and absorbing starlight, you'd need to study them up close. Since going into interstellar space wasn't an option, the next best thing was to re-create the conditions of interstellar space in the lab.
KROTO: This is not easy. This is low pressure and very low temperature.
PALCA: But a friend of Kroto's named John Maier seems to have managed it. Maier works at the University of Basel. Twenty years ago, he had a pretty good simulation of interstellar conditions in his lab, and it looked like a form of buckyball, known as C60-plus, appeared to have almost the right properties, but not quite. Maier wasn't satisfied and neither were other scientists. So Maier said, OK, I'll show them and spent the next two decades making the lab conditions even more space-like. As he reports in the journal Nature, now he's sure his initial claim was correct and other scientists I've contacted agree.
JOHN MAIER: These results prove it is C60-plus.
PALCA: So it took 20 years to create the technology to do the experiment that you thought would be definitive and now you've done it.
MAIER: Well, it took us 20 years. Maybe somebody cleverer and more capable could have done it better and faster.
PALCA: Maier thinks there'll be more to the buckyballs-in-space story. He thinks they may be part of the explanation for how new stars form.
MAIER: Probably these buckyballs are being formed as stars burn out and perhaps get spat into interstellar space, and ultimately, it's all recycled back into the formation of new stars.
PALCA: For his part, Harry Kroto is absolutely thrilled that his 30-year-old prediction about finding C60 buckyballs in interstellar space has come true.
KROTO: And it looks as though C60 is all over the place. And the incredible thing is it took us to the end of the 20th century - 1985 - to find this thing. But it was basically detected in space in 1922, and that is just incredible.
PALCA: Well, better late than never. Joe Palca, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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