Calling 911 On Your Cell? It's Harder To Find You Than You Think
Today's mobile phones can do almost everything a computer can. But we still need them for their most basic purpose: making phone calls — especially in emergencies.
Yet existing technology can't always pinpoint a caller's location, particularly when a 911 caller is indoors.
The Federal Communications Commission has proposed new regulations for wireless carriers to help address the problem, but so far, wireless providers are resisting the changes.
One of the first questions callers are asked when they call 911 is, "Where is your emergency?" It's also "absolutely the most important," says Steve Souder, director of the Fairfax County Department of Public Safety Communications in Virginia.
"We need to know where you are to send somebody. We don't need to know what; we don't need to know how; we don't need to know when," Souder says. "The 'where' is the No. 1 thing."
But that's become a much harder question for first responders in the past 20 years. First, the GPS on cellphones doesn't work as well indoors as it does outside.
Second, callers used to reach 911 via a landline, which was linked to a specific address — down to the apartment number. That's not true with cellphones.
Chris Frederick, a 911 call taker in Fairfax County, remembers when an 8-year-old called him on a cellphone because his parents had a medical emergency. The boy couldn't read very well, and his parents didn't speak English. So Frederick asked him to walk outside.
"And I said, 'Can you tell me what the number is on your house?' And he told me the number. It took about 10 minutes."
If the call had come in on a landline, Frederick says, identifying the house would have been instantaneous — the location would have just popped up on his computer screen.
With nearly half the children in the U.S. — like the boy Frederick helped — living in wireless-only households, situations like that are common. According to the National Emergency Number Association, around 210 million 911 calls come from cellphones every year. And about half of the people calling on a cellphone from indoors don't know where they are specifically.
The FCC regulates the cellphone industry, including wireless carriers like Verizon, AT&T and Sprint. Currently, the FCC requires cellphones to have technology that tracks a person to between 100 and 300 meters of where he is.
But as Jodie Griffin, senior staff attorney at the consumer advocacy group Public Knowledge, points out, "100 meters, which is the stricter end of the rules right now, is more than a football field."
And a football field is longer than some city blocks.
"When you're talking about someone who's outdoors, the ambulance may be able to arrive and just see where someone is in distress," Griffin says.
But if a caller is inside one of these buildings? Good luck.
So earlier this year, the FCC proposed new rules that would require vertical location information. That way, first responders could identify which floor a caller is on. The rules would also require location information within 50 meters — still longer than some apartment building hallways.
The new rules would apply to any phone, no matter what type.
So far, wireless providers are resisting the proposed changes. In filings with the FCC, Sprint said that the agency's timeline wasn't realistic.
In an email to NPR, Verizon said the company is "working with a variety of organizations across the ecosystem on a viable path forward."
The technology to meet those requirements is actually already available.
Several companies have created systems that can better track a phone's location. The company TruePosition creates custom geolocation technology.
"Special receivers are installed in the existing wireless operators' or carriers' cell towers," says Rob Anderson, TruePosition's chief technology officer. "Those receivers are able to very accurately measure the time the signals that are transmitted from the cellphones arrive at the various cell towers. And by making those time measurements, we can compute a position. And we measure those signals very precisely, on the order of nanoseconds."
TruePosition's system doesn't require updates to every cellphone, but it does require cellphone carriers to add equipment to their towers.
Obviously, this would cost money — which companies would likely pass on to consumers in one way or another.
Public Knowledge's Griffin says the added cost could also raise another problem.
"The people who can't afford the newest smartphone, or can't afford to be on an LTE network, are going to be left behind if we just assume that we'll let the new technology that comes along in two years solve everything," she says.
The FCC is currently taking comments on the proposed rules. If they're approved, the regulations would still take at least a year to implement.
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Transcript
ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:
Our smartphones can do nearly everything for us. But we still need them for that original, if by now quaint, little function of calling people, especially in emergencies. Existing technology cannot always pinpoint your location. The Federal Communications Commission has proposed new regulations for wireless carriers that could make finding people easier. NPR's Lucy Perkins explains.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
UNIDENTIFIED 911 CALL TAKER #1: Hello?
LUCY PERKINS, BYLINE: No one likes to be on the other end of this phone call.
UNIDENTIFIED 911 CALL TAKER: Fairfax County 911. Where is your emergency?
PERKINS: I'm at a 911 call center in Fairfax, Virginia.
STEVE SOUDER: The where is absolutely the most important question that we ask of any caller.
PERKINS: Steve Souder is the director of the Fairfax County Department of Safety Communications - 911.
SOUDER: We need to know where you are to send somebody. We don't need to know what. We don't need to know how. We don't need to know when. It's always good, and we always try to get that. But the where is the number one thing.
PERKINS: But where are you can be a really tricky question for emergency responders to answer, first because the GPS on your cell phone doesn't work as well indoors as it does outside and second because in the olden days, that would be the 1990s or before, you called 911 on a landline, which was linked to a specific address down to the apartment number. That's not true with cell phones.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
CHRIS FREDERICK: Is that a house or an apartment? And your name?
PERKINS: Chris Frederick is a 911 call taker. He remembers when an 8-year-old called him on a cell phone because his parents had a medical emergency. His parents didn't speak English, and he couldn't read very well.
FREDERICK: So then I said, can you come outside? And then he said yes. I said, can you tell me what the number is on your house? And he told me the number. It took about 10 minutes.
PERKINS: Which is a long time.
FREDERICK: It is. It is.
PERKINS: And how long would that have taken if he was calling from a landline?
FREDERICK: Oh, it wouldn't have - it's instantaneous. We get the information; it pops right up.
PERKINS: Nearly half of kids like the boy Frederick helped live in wireless only households. So situations like this are common. According to the National Emergency Number Association, around 210 million 911 calls come from cell phones every year. And about half of the people calling from a cell phone inside don't know where they are specifically. The Federal Communications Commission regulates the cell phone industry, wireless carriers like Verizon, AT and T and Sprint. Right now, the FCC requires cell phones to have technology that tracks a person to between 100 and 300 meters of where they are.
JODIE GRIFFIN: If you think about it, a hundred meters, which is the stricter end of the rules right now, is more than a football field.
PERKINS: Jodie Griffin is a senior staff attorney at Public Knowledge, a nonprofit consumer advocacy group in Washington, D.C. We stood outside her downtown office and realized that a football field is longer than some city blocks.
GRIFFIN: When you're talking about someone who's outdoors, the ambulance may be able to arrive and just look around and see where somebody is in distress.
PERKINS: But if someone's inside one of these buildings, good luck. So earlier this year, the FCC proposed new rules that would require vertical location information. That way, first responders could identify what floor the caller is on. It would also require location information within 50 meters. But if you think about it, 50 meters is longer than some apartment building hallways. The new rules would apply to any phone no matter what type. So far, wireless providers are resisting the proposed changes. In filings with the FCC, Sprint said the commission's timeline wasn't realistic. In an email to NPR, Verizon said it's, quote, "working with a variety of organizations across the ecosystem on a viable path forward," unquote. But the technology is already available. Rob Anderson is the chief technology officer at TruePosition, a company that creates custom geolocation technology.
ROB ANDERSON: Special receivers are installed in the existing wireless operators' or carriers' cell towers. Those receivers are able to very accurately measure the time the signals that are transmitted from the cell phones arrive at the various cell towers. And by making those time measurements, we can compute a position. And we measure those signals very precisely on the order of nanoseconds.
PERKINS: Other companies have created different systems that work too. TruePosition's technology doesn't require updates to every cell phone, but carriers would have to add equipment to their towers. Obviously, this would cost them money, which they would probably pass on to consumers in one way or another. Public Knowledge's Jodie Griffin says that the added cost could raise another problem.
GRIFFIN: The people who can't afford the newest smartphone or can't afford to be on an LTE network are going to be left behind if we just assume that we'll let the new technology that comes long in two years solve everything.
PERKINS: If the FCC proposals become regulation, they would still take at least a year to implement. Lucy Perkins, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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