A government-appointed group of top nutrition experts, assigned to lay the scientific groundwork for a new version of the nation's dietary guidelines, decided earlier this year to collect data on the environmental implication of different food choices.
Congress now has slapped them down.
Lawmakers attached a list of "congressional directives" to a massive spending bill that was passed by both the House and the Senate in recent days. One of those directives expresses "concern" that the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee "is showing an interest in incorporating agriculture production practices and environmental factors" into their recommendations, and directs the Obama administration to ignore such factors in the next revision of the guidelines, which is due out next year.
The directive is not legally binding, but ignoring it would provoke yet another political battle between the Obama administration and Congress.
The federal dietary guidelines have never explicitly considered the effects of food choices on the environment, but the idea of doing so is not new.
In 1986, nutritionist Kate Clancy, then teaching at Syracuse University, co-authored an article called "Dietary Guidelines for Sustainability." It was addressed to her colleagues, Clancy says. She wanted them "to take a broader view of what they were advising people to do, with regard to their diet. It wasn't just nutrients." She urged them to consider not just what foods contribute to personal health, but also what types of food "contribute to the protection of our natural resources."
Earlier this year, after the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee decided to look at some environmental aspects of diet, Clancy finally got an invitation to make her case to the committee. "Let me say that after 30 years of waiting, that fact that this committee is addressing sustainability issues brings me a lot of pleasure," Clancy told the committee.
Members of the advisory committee aren't allowed to talk to the media about their work. But Timothy Searchinger, a researcher with Princeton University and the World Resources Institute, an environmental group, believes that recommendations about diet have to consider environmental impacts.
Producing food, he says, already claims half of all land where vegetation can grow. Farming is one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gases. "That doesn't mean that farmers are bad. It means that eating has a big impact on the environment," he says.
The impact will grow in the future, along with the world's population. So if people are thinking about their own personal environmental footprint, he says, "probably what you eat is more important than anything else."
Trying to decide exactly which foods are better than others can provide endless arguments. But economist Thomas Hertel, at Purdue University, says a few big points are pretty clear. Among the biggest: Producing meat is especially costly, and beef in particular. Beef cattle release methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. In addition, growing food for animals takes a lot of land.
Hertel says that overall, throughout the world, people are demanding more meat, and that's pushing farmers to clear forests and plow up grasslands. "Conversion of lands for agriculture has been a major source of greenhouse gas emissions over the past couple of decades," he says.
If Americans, who eat a lot of meat, ate a little less of it, there would be a little less pressure on the world's remaining forests.
The Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee has been considering all of this. In a meeting of the panel a few months ago, Miriam Nelson, a Tufts University professor, told the rest of the committee that "in general, a dietary pattern that is higher in plant-based foods and lower in animal-based foods is more health-promoting and is associated with less environmental impact."
This new focus has already run into criticism. The American Meat Institute, which represents meat producers, says nutritionists don't have the expertise to take on environmental questions.
The new directive from Congress may shut down the fledgling effort completely.
The committee, coincidentally, is in Washington, D.C., for a meeting on Monday. It will have to consider how to respond.
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Transcript
DAVID GREENE, HOST:
There's that catchy phrase you are what you eat. Well, some nutrition experts say it's much more than that. What we eat can affect the world around us. A group of those experts - the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee - is meeting in Washington today. They're working on new guidelines for how to maintain a healthy diet, and for the first time, they are examining how our diet affects the environment. We are about to hear why lawmakers are telling those nutritionists to back off. Here's NPR's Dan Charles.
DAN CHARLES, BYLINE: One of the first people in the nutrition community pushing for a marriage of nutrition and environmentalism was Kate Clancy. Thirty years ago, she wrote an article aimed at her fellow nutritionists saying when they give advice about food, they shouldn't just consider what makes people healthy, they should also think about food that makes for healthy soil and water.
KATE CLANCY: Take a broader view of what they were advising people to do with regard to their diet. It wasn't just nutrients. It was foods, and it was many other things, including the environment.
CHARLES: Earlier this year, Clancy finally got an invitation to make her case to that committee working on the dietary guidelines.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
CLANCY: Good morning, everyone. Let me say that after 30 years of waiting the fact that this committee is addressing sustainability issues brings me a lot of pleasure.
CHARLES: The fact that Clancy was there at all is a big shift in the world of dietary guidelines because this group of academic experts has decided for the first time to consider what it calls sustainability - basically whether the planet can actually supply the kind of diet that the guidelines recommend. Members of this committee are not allowed to talk to the press about their work, but Timothy Searchinger, a researcher with Princeton University and the World Resources Institute, an environmental group, says this shift is important because producing food already claims half of all land where vegetation can grow. Farming is one of the biggest sources of greenhouse gases.
TIMOTHY SEARCHINGER: That doesn't mean farmers are bad. It means that eating has a big impact on the environment.
CHARLES: And the impact will grow along with the world's population. So if you would like to reduce your personal impact...
SEARCHINGER: Probably what you eat is more important than anything else.
CHARLES: You can have endless arguments about exactly which foods are worse than others, but researchers, such as economist Thomas Hertel at Purdue University, say a few big points are pretty clear. One is producing meat, especially beef, is especially costly. Beef cattle release methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. Also growing the feed for animals takes a lot of land. Hertel says around the world people are demanding more meat, and that's pushing farmers to clear forests and plow up grasslands.
THOMAS HERTEL: That's been a major source of greenhouse gas emissions over the last couple of decades.
CHARLES: So if Americans who eat a lot of meat ate a little less, there would be a little less pressure on the world's remaining forests. This is what the Dietary Guidelines Advisory panel has been talking about. Here's Miriam Nelson from Tufts University at a session a few months ago.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
MIRIAM NELSON: In general a dietary pattern that is higher in plant-based foods and lower in animal-based foods is more health-promoting, and it is associated with lesser environmental impact.
CHARLES: The committee has run into criticism. The Meat Institute, which represents meat producers, says nutritionists don't have the expertise to take on environmental questions. But the most powerful opponents it seems are in Congress. They've attached a document called congressional directives to the massive spending bill that'll keep the government running. And one of those directives expresses concern about this shift in the dietary guidelines about considering environmental effects. It orders the Obama administration to include only nutritional information in those guidelines. This directive is not legally binding, but ignoring it would provoke yet another political fight. Dan Charles, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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