David Axelrod recalls the first time he met Barack Obama in 1992 when they had lunch: "I was really impressed by him," he says.
The veteran political consultant was struck that Obama, who had been the first black editor of the Harvard Law Review and was highly sought after by big law firms, instead decided to put together a voter registration drive and practice civil rights law at a little firm in Chicago.
The world of candidates, Axelrod tells Fresh Air's Dave Davies, divides into two candidates: "People who run for office because they want to be something, which is the more numerous category, and people who run for office because they want to do something," he says. "That is the smaller and more admirable group that I love to work with and for. It was clear he was going to be that kind of a person."
Axelrod ended up crafting the media strategy for Obama's two presidential campaigns and spent two years in the White House as a senior adviser to the president. His new memoir, Believer: My Forty Years in Politics, offers plenty of stories and insights from his years with Obama.
Specifically, Axelrod recalls the moment in the 2008 campaign when he interrupted Obama and running mate Joe Biden on a flight to tell them Sarah Palin was the Republican vice presidential nominee, which prompted Biden to say, "Who's Sarah Palin?"
Axelrod's book also recounts his early years as a political reporter and his work with other candidates, including presidential contender John Edwards (not a good experience) and plenty of rogues and colorful characters from his home base in Chicago, among them Harold Washington, the city's first black mayor, and Rod Blagojevich, who eventually became governor and went to jail in part for trying to sell Obama's former U.S. Senate seat.
Axelrod is now director of the Institute of Politics at the University of Chicago, which he says he founded to inspire young Americans to consider participating in American politics.
Interview Highlights
On the transition from being a journalist to a political adviser
The first time I was at a rally with [Paul] Simon after I made the switch and realized that I could applaud, it was kind of a shock to my system because I was so used to maintaining at least the veneer of objectivity. I think every reporter has views, but you try to be as objective as you can.
On whether he believed in every candidate he represented
I always went through a process of trying to sell myself before I tried to sell anybody else, and I would get emotionally wrapped up in my campaigns and sometimes on behalf of candidates who weren't worthy of that.
On President Obama's first debate with Mitt Romney in 2012 for his re-election
We were always worried about the first debate because it historically is a killing field for presidents. Presidents aren't used to debating. Their opponents have generally been debating in primaries; presidents aren't used to being challenged by someone standing 4 feet away from them, being treated as a peer.
So presidents generally do badly in the first debate, and we tried mightily to avoid that. But the prep sessions didn't go very well. There were a lot of testy exchanges with John Kerry, who was playing Mitt Romney. We actually cautioned the president against engaging too much, which may have been a mistake, because we were worried about the testiness of those exchanges.
We had a last prep session before the first debate in Denver, which we all thought was pretty appalling. ... I had the dubious honor of going in and talking to him for the group after the session, and he said, "Well, I think that went pretty well." And I said, "Well, actually there are some things we need to work on yet." He didn't receive that news well and used a word that he has never used before or since and that I won't use here, but made clear how he felt about me at that moment, and he bolted out of the room and I didn't see him until the next morning.
I was kind of stunned by it because we'd known each other for so long, but I also knew that he really wasn't directing it at me so much as at his own frustration, because he knew we weren't where we needed to be. I think every single one of us, including the president, knew we weren't headed into Denver in good shape — and that, of course, turned out to be true.
On following the many different media platforms
Yes, you follow Twitter and you're aware that any little event somewhere could hijack a day's news, sometimes a week's news or several weeks' news. It makes [for] a really, really difficult environment. It also means that if you're president — we used to talk about the "bully pulpit" — but you have to assemble your bully pulpit each time you want to communicate something, because Americans aren't watching the same thing or aren't getting their news from the same place as they once did. So you have to speak through many different platforms.
I mean, who would've thought that the president of the United States would be on a show called Between Two Ferns to promote his health care plan? But the fact is he hit 10 million people with that appearance — many of whom were the target for younger people who we needed to sign up for that health care plan. So it's a far more complex and challenging environment than past presidents and past generations have faced.
On how Axelrod restrained himself while on Meet the Press and other shows
It was hard, but, you know, when you're speaking for the president of the United States, you know that one misstatement can send armies marching and markets tumbling — and that is a very sobering realization.
So, yes, I felt constrained when I was on those programs to color within the lines and not to be too venturesome, because I knew some off-handed remark could have real consequences. ... It was a discipline that was hard for me because I'm a congenital smart aleck and I love tossing off good lines — and this was decidedly not the place to do it.
On what he's been called in the media, including Axelfraud, Streetfighter, Message Maven, Political Protector, Marxist Mentor and Lefty Lumberjack
The "Axelfraud" thing sticks in my mind because those guys were shouting it at me when I was on the steps of the Capitol in Massachusetts. I hadn't heard Lefty Lumberjack — it seems like an oxymoron to me. But I'm surprised, though, that on your list there aren't [other descriptive words]. "Rumpled" almost always comes up, and "stained" is another one because generally you can find remnants of my last meal somewhere on me. The president loves that. He's always inspecting me so he can ask me what it was that I had that he's looking at. So those are the ones that are most prominent in my mind. It drives my wife crazy. She hates the caricature of the rumpled, sloppy, food-stained political warrior — but that's the cartoon and I've come to live with it. Maybe I've come to represent it, I don't know.
On leaving politics to direct the Institute of Politics at the University of Chicago
I really am happy to be where I am today, and I think my family is happy that I am where I am today. I asked them to make so many sacrifices — and I want to spend the rest of my life trying to inspire these kids and spend time with my family.
If people call me and ask me for advice, of course I'll give it to them, but I'm not going to get on that carousel again. I had such a singularly great experience with Obama. I had a relationship with him that I'll never have with anyone else, and I'd rather go out on top and move on.
Transcript
TERRY GROSS, HOST:
This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. Our guest, David Axelrod, is a veteran political consultant who crafted the media strategy for Barack Obama's two presidential campaigns and spent two years in the White House as a senior adviser to the president. Axelrod's new memoir, called "Believer: My Forty Years In Politics," offers plenty of stories and insights from his years with Obama. He recalls, for example, the moment in the 2008 campaign when he interrupted Obama and running mate, Joe Biden, on a flight to tell them Sarah Palin was the Republican vice presidential nominee, prompting Biden to say, who's Sarah Palin?
But Axelrod's book also recounts his early years as a political reporter and his work with other candidates, including presidential contender, John Edwards - not a good experience - and plenty of rogues and colorful characters from his home base in Chicago, among them, Harold Washington, the city's first black mayor, and Rod Blagojevich, who eventually became governor and went to jail, in part, for trying to sell Obama's former U.S. Senate seat. Axelrod also describes his daughter, Lauren's, struggle with epilepsy which left her prone to seizures until she was 19.
David Axelrod is now director of The Institute of Politics at the University of Chicago, which he says, he founded to inspire young Americans to consider participating in American politics. He spoke to FRESH AIR contributor, Dave Davies.
DAVE DAVIES, BYLINE: David Axelrod, welcome to FRESH AIR. You started your career as a journalist covering politics for the Chicago Tribune, did that for a lot of years and was pretty good at it, I think. You know, journalists approach politics with a certain mentality. You gather all the facts, however unflattering to anybody. You tell the whole story. And then after some years, you went into politics. You went on the other side, starting with Paul Simon's Senate campaign. And there - it's a different world when you're on the other side. You're not telling the whole story. You're spinning. And I wonder, when you made that transition, did it give you butterflies in your stomach?
DAVID AXELROD: Well, it did. Although, I went with Paul Simon when I decided to leave journalism and go into politics for a reason. He was a guy who was exemplary in every way. You know, he had been a small-town newspaper man, and he had, in the 1950s, in the Illinois legislature, waged battles for political reform, for civil rights, which was really courageous 'cause he was from deep southern Illinois, closer to Little Rock than Chicago. I knew that Paul would never embarrass me and that I would feel good being an advocate for him.
The other thing that was true was that I really came to journalism through my interest in politics rather than the other way around. I, as a small boy, was interested in politics. And so, you know, it wasn't entirely unnatural. But the one thing, Dave, I will tell you is, the first time that I was at a rally with Simon after I made the switch and realized that I could applaud...
DAVIES: Right.
AXELROD: ...It was kind of a shock to my system because I was so used to maintaining the - at least, the veneer of objectivity. I think every reporter has views, but you try and be as objective as you can.
DAVIES: You worked for candidates that maybe you didn't admire quite as much as Paul Simon. Was it hard there to feel like, am I really comfortable selling this?
AXELROD: You know, I always went through a process of trying to sell myself before I tried to sell anybody else, and you know, I would get emotionally wrapped up in my campaigns and sometimes on behalf of candidates who weren't worthy of that.
DAVIES: Who was your biggest regret among candidates that you represented? I've got a name in mind. I wonder if it's the same as yours.
AXELROD: Well, there was a race that I - look, I've worked for some people. One was named Rod Blagojevich, who was the former - who was a congressman, former - and now a former governor and a convicted governor, and there was somebody who broke the law and went to prison, probably for longer than he should have.
But, you know, I worked for him when he was a congressman, when he was a legislator running for the Congress, and I liked him. He was pugnacious and he seemed to be fighting for people and so on. He came to me in 2001 and said he wanted to run for governor Illinois, and I was kind of appalled because I didn't really think he was cut out for that. And I said, well, why do you want to be governor? And he said, well, you can help me figure that out. And I said, you know, I don't - I'm not in the business of telling you why you should want to run for something. If you can't tell me, then you shouldn't run. And that was the end of our relationship. He did run, hired a very fine political consultant from a state-of-the-art firm. They ran a very good - but I thought - cynical campaign, ran him as a reformer because the governor before him, George Ryan, was also headed to prison. And of course, history, you know, is what it is. Blagojevich ended up going to prison, himself. And so you know, that's a - maybe in retrospect, that was an association that I wouldn't - but although, I must say that I didn't see that side of him when I was working for him.
The other, you know, race that I've wrote about in the book, that I probably wouldn't have done in retrospect, is John Edwards when he ran for president of the United States. He - I got called. He had lost - his media consultant went to work for John Kerry. He was in need of a media consultant. They contacted me, asked me to come in and talk to him. I spent a couple of hours talking to him, and on that basis, I signed up for his re-election campaign despite some warning signs that I should have seen. My wife, when I retold the story of our conversation, had concerns about my working for him. And it turned out to be a very difficult relationship.
DAVIES: You got to know Barack Obama through Chicago politics, where you were rooted. What were your early impressions of him? What kind of potential did you see?
AXELROD: You know, it's a funny story. I met him because a friend of mine, named Betty Lou Saltzman, who's kind of a doyen of liberal politics in Chicago, called me in 1992, and she said, I just met the most extraordinary young man, and I think you ought to meet him. And I said, well, I'm happy to meet anybody you want me to meet, Betty Lou, but why do you think I should meet this particular person? And she said, honestly, I think he could be the first African-American president of the United States. This was in 1992. I always joke that when I go to the track now, I take Betty Lou with me because she obviously has a gift for spotting the winners early.
But - and I went and I had lunch with Obama, and I was really impressed by him. I didn't walk away humming "Hail To The Chief," but what did strike me was here was a guy who had just been the editor of the Harvard Law Review - first black person to serve as editor of the Harvard Law Review. He could have written his ticket at any corporation, at any law firm in America, and they were all after him. And instead, he returned to Chicago, where he had been a community organizer, to organize a voter registration drive and practice civil rights law at a little firm in Chicago. And I thought, this is a guy who takes service seriously. And it was very clear to me at the time that he had intentions to run for public office and that he wanted to do it for the right reasons. But we didn't actually work together on a professional basis until 2002 when he ran - when he started running for the U.S. Senate.
DAVIES: You've written about how Barack Obama loved to drill deeply into issues...
AXELROD: Yeah.
DAVIES: ...And tended to debate, and that's not always what you need in a campaign. And I want to fast forward here to 2011...
AXELROD: Yes.
DAVIES: ...As you're beginning to plan his re-election campaign - and you've been through a lot - the collapse of the economy, the fight over the Affordable Care Act and a lot of, you know, of some very tough midterm elections - and at a meeting where you were beginning to plan the re-election strategy, you describe bringing in a video that you'd assembled of the president.
AXELROD: Yes.
DAVIES: You want to tell us what was in that video?
AXELROD: Well, the video was of the Barack Obama of 2007 and 2008 and 2004 - some of the convention speech - the Barack Obama that captured the imagination of the country - a guy who was energized and passionate and speaking in value-laden terms about where we need to go as a country. And then some video of him in the previous months in his interactions with the media in his speeches in which he sounded very much like a technocrat.
DAVIES: This is previous to 2011, well into his presidency, yeah.
AXELROD: This was well into his presidency. And it was - you know, the contrast was clear that, you know, he had, in some ways, lost his voice and that we needed to recapture that voice, that sense of mission, that sense of advocacy, that sense of values in order to win and honestly, I felt, in order for him to govern effectively. And so it was a jarring presentation. I'm not sure that he loved it, but he certainly absorbed it. And you know, I think he took it to heart. And from the fall of 2011 on, when he announced the American Jobs Act and went out and campaigned for it, it was the old Barack Obama, the Barack Obama I knew so well.
DAVIES: David Axelrod's book is "Believer: My Forty Years In Politics." We'll talk some more after a short break. This is FRESH AIR.
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DAVIES: This is FRESH AIR. And if you're just joining us, our guest is David Axelrod. He was the political strategist for President Obama's two winning campaigns and served two years in the White House. He has a new memoir called "Believer: My 40 Years In Politics."
The toughest moment, as you describe it, that - or the most contentious encounter you describe in the book...
AXELROD: Yes.
DAVIES: ...Came around the first debate with Mitt Romney in the 2012 re-election campaign. You want to just kind of set that up and tell us what led to this moment?
AXELROD: Well, we we're always worried about the first debate because it, historically, is a killing field for presidents. Presidents aren't used to debating. Their opponents have generally been debating in primaries. Presidents aren't used to being challenged by someone standing 4 feet away from them - being treated as a peer. And so presidents generally do badly in the first debate. And we tried mightily to avoid that, but the prep sessions didn't go very well. There were a lot of testy exchanges with John Kerry, who was playing Mitt Romney. We actually cautioned the president against engaging too much, which may have been a mistake because we were worried about the testiness of those exchanges.
And we had a last prep session before the first debate in Denver, which we all felt was pretty appalling. We didn't think it was good. I had the dubious honor of going in and talking to him for the group after the session. And he said, well, I think that went pretty well. And I said, well, actually I think there are some things we need to work on yet. And he didn't receive that news well and used a word that he has never used before or since and that I won't use here, but made clear how he felt about me at that moment. And he bolted out of the room, and I didn't see him until the next morning.
And, you know, I was kind of stunned by it 'cause we've known each other for so long, but I also knew that he really wasn't directing it at me so much as his own frustration 'cause he knew that we weren't where we needed to be. I think every single one of us, including the president, knew we weren't headed into Denver in good shape. And that, of course, turned out to be true.
DAVIES: Yeah. Mitt Romney was widely viewed to have won that encounter because the president kind of got wonky, and Romney was - his messages were simple.
AXELROD: Right.
DAVIES: You corrected that in subsequent debates.
AXELROD: Yeah, although not without some effort. I mean, we had another bad debate prep about 36 hours before the second debate. And that had everybody in kind of a panic because one bad debate, you can accept. Two would've been a little bit harder. And we had a very - we had kind of a intervention with the president in which he said, look, I know I'm not getting this right 'cause I'm treating it like a lawyer and this is a performance. And I just resist that, but I have to get over that. And he did. And, you know, he went - he took an hour for himself, came back and worked very hard at landing his lines and preparing in the way that you have to prepare for these debates. They're not kind of free-form discussions. They're parallel performances. And, you know, you need to go in there locked and loaded with the points you want to make and the words you want to use.
DAVIES: It was interesting to me - you said that when it really works well, the staff can actually almost mouth the words with the candidate as they're watching the debate.
AXELROD: Absolutely, and we couldn't do that before the first debate. In the second debate, we all kind of took a deep breath when the president answered the first question in exactly the way we had heard him answer it several times before in the day before the debate. And it was clear that he had internalized his lines. He'd internalized his attack and his approach. And the rest of the debate went true to form. One thing, Dave, I would say before the first debate in Denver, David Plouffe and I were in the locker room with the president, and the president said, let's just get this over with, which isn't what you want to hear...
DAVIES: (Laughter).
AXELROD: ...Right? - going into the big event. In the second debate, he called us in - Plouffe and me - and he said - he said, I just want you guys to know I'm ready and we're going to have a good night. And we did. And, you know, the whole body language was different so - but it was an anxious interim between those two debates as we dealt with all of everyone's anxieties about how the first one had gone.
DAVIES: After President Obama was elected in 2008, you went to the White House. You had an office right next to the Oval Office.
AXELROD: Yes.
DAVIES: And in the book you describe the job as monitoring polling, guiding our message, trying to keep us true to the Obama principles and campaign brand. And I got to ask a naive question here. You know, if the mayor of Philadelphia or the governor of Pennsylvania were to hire their, you know, media campaign strategist as a government employee, they would be run out of town on a rail. And it's interesting to me that in Washington, I understand that presidents have to be - have political acuity in dealing with members of Congress, and they have to have advice. But it's interesting that you'd have someone who is a political operative and that that would be a taxpayer-funded job. Is that weird?
AXELROD: Well - well, I was there really as a communications strategist and there's a precedent for that going way back to have political and communications strategists in the White House.
DAVIES: Right, and Karl Rove was there for George Bush. I understand that.
AXELROD: Right, and Mike Deaver for Reagan. And, you know - I mean, there's a long history of that. But, you know, I think - I'd like to believe that I was there also because I shared sensibilities with Obama. I had a lot of experience in not just politics, but in media, press, communications. You know, the speechwriters worked for me. I was someone who understood him, understood at what he wanted to communicate and, therefore, could work with those people whose job it was to help communicate that message. So I think the role is a necessary role for a president and one that is best filled by someone who really is close to them and understands them.
DAVIES: A lot of your job was keeping in touch with the media and, you know, dealing with media strategy. And of course, you know, years ago when you started - when I started covering politics - there would be, you know, a few daily papers and some television stations. Now the content is everywhere. I mean, there's...
AXELROD: Yeah.
DAVIES: ...The cable shows. There's bloggers. There's just...
AXELROD: It's very difficult.
DAVIES: Yeah. How do you keep track of it all?
AXELROD: Well, you know, you have people who are helping you follow all of it. And you're aware that any little event somewhere could hijack a day's news, sometimes a week's news or several weeks' news. Every day - I always say - is Election Day in Washington. And, you know, you're dealing every few weeks with the defining event of your presidency, none of which turn out to be the defining event of your presidency.
One of the examples of that was the oil leak in the Gulf. When it happened in 2010, people were calling it Obama's Katrina, the defining event of his presidency. It consumed coverage for weeks. And, you know, he - ultimately the leak was solved, plugged up. The Gulf was restored. It never was an issue in the 2012 campaign. We saw it again on the Ebola story just recently where the media just went nuts. And this was, again, you know, a tremendous test of the president and so on.
I said at the time, I thought this would pass in a matter of months and we'd look back and say, what was that all about? It turned out to be a matter of weeks. And, you know, so it's very hard to drive your message when you're president of the United States because people are constantly trying to hijack it, often for things that are mind-bogglingly trivial in the final analysis.
DAVIES: So was part of your job to tell people calm down? Don't worry about what's on...
AXELROD: Yeah, I did a lot of that. I did a lot of that, and not to chase rabbits down a hole. What I don't I did as well when I was there was keep him out of things he shouldn't have been involved - we shouldn't have had the president in as much as he was - the president should be the big-picture narrator, not the announcer for the government. And I think because of the nature of our crisis that we were facing at the time - a genuine crisis - the economic crisis - the notion was to have him out there a lot. And I think we ground him down as a messenger and we lost some efficacy in our message.
The other - Dave, the other part of my job was polling and, you know, just to keep him and everyone in touch with where the country was on issues. And so, you know, I was the one who went in and told him the country was steadfastly opposed to the auto bailout. And I was the one who told him that, you know, we were taking on huge water on health care. And one of the things I admire about him is he always listened respectfully and then did what he wanted to do. And he did what he thought was right. I tell folks that what I like about him so much is that he listens to me so little.
DAVIES: (Laughter).
AXELROD: But I think that, to me, is a definition of leadership, someone who is willing to put the politics aside and risk his own political standing to do something important for the country. And you get marked down for that sometimes in Washington where doing - you know, we heard Senator Schumer say, well, yeah, health care was important but he shouldn't have done it because it was politically fraught. The president's view was he was willing to risk his own presidency to do it because it had to be done, and if he didn't do it in his first two years, it wouldn't get done. And it was only his steadfastness that got it done. I think history will look kindly on that.
GROSS: David Axelrod will continue his conversation with FRESH AIR contributor, Dave Davies, in the second half of the show. Axelrod is kind of famous for his ability to stay on message. You've probably seem him do it on TV. Dave will ask him about that, and they'll look ahead to the next presidential election. Axelrod has written a new memoir called "Believer." I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.
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GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. Let's get back to the interview that FRESH AIR contributor Dave Davies the these recorded with veteran political consultant David Axelrod, who crafted the media strategy for Barack Obama's two presidential campaigns and spent two years in the White House as a senior advisor to Obama. Axelrod has written a new memoir called "Believer: My Forty Years In Politics."
DAVIES: I'm wondering to what extent you think latent racism explained either political media or popular reactions to the president's initiatives and actions and whether you polled to get at that.
AXELROD: You know, Dave, I wrote in the book that whatever I got the question of race, I deflected it when I was working for the president because I never wanted to create a situation where they're alibi-ing for their opposition - that they're laying off their opposition on race and not their own actions.
But I think it's undeniable that race is an element of the opposition to the president. No other president has had someone stand up in the Congress and shout to you lie, as a representative from South Carolina did during one of the president's speeches. No other president has faced persistent questions about his citizenship that, even to this day, you hear murmurings about.
And I think, you know, this is undeniably part of people's reaction to the notion of an African-American president and their discomfort with it. Does that represent a majority of Americans? Absolutely not. But are there some Americans are uncomfortable with the changing demographics of our country - the more diverse country that he represents? I think the answer to that is absolutely yes.
DAVIES: How much is that talk about that with the president?
AXELROD: We didn't talk about it that much. It was understood. I, you know - he certainly felt it, but he didn't complain about it. He understood that that was part of the deal. And, you know, he was remarkably tolerant of that and kind of powered through it, but it is there. You always knew that in the back of his mind, he knew that this was a reality.
In terms of whether we polled it or not, we never overtly asked questions about that. Sometimes in focus groups, you could pick up intimations of it. But by and large, you know, the people we were talking to in focus groups and the people we were concentrating on were people were open to him and therefore less apt to express those kinds of attitudes. Those attitudes are very much among the people who are fundamentally opposed to him, and so we spent very little time trying to probe their attitudes 'cause their attitudes were set.
DAVIES: You know, when we considered booking you as a guest for the show, I mean, one of the things we remembered was all the times that you were on "Meet The Press" and, you know, "Face Of The Nation" and the talk shows and remembered that you were relentlessly on message in those. And, you know, I don't want to say boring, but you know that there's a sort of bland repetition to hearing talking points again and again.
AXELROD: Yeah.
DAVIES: And I, of course, had spent a lot of time talking to you when you were, you know, on - a consultant for a race that I was covering - a Philadelphia race. And I kind of felt like this was a different David Axelrod. I mean, what's it like to have to be so disciplined?
AXELROD: Did you have Free David Axelrod buttons printed up?
DAVIES: (Laughter).
AXELROD: But, you know, it was very, very - it was hard. It was very hard. But, you know, when you are speaking for the president of the United States, you know that one misstatement can send armies marching and markets tumbling, and that is a very sobering realization. And so, yes, I felt constrained when I was on those programs to color within the lines and not to be too venturesome because I knew some off-handed remark could have real consequences and negative consequences. But it was a discipline that was hard for me 'cause I'm a congenital smart aleck, and, you know, I love tossing off good lines. And this was decidedly not the place to do it.
DAVIES: You know, a lot of people who are avid supporters of President Obama have said the White House has done a terrible job of telling its story, of reminding people of the benefits of Affordable Care Act and payroll tax cuts and how we saved the economy. And, you know, you addressed this in the book a bit. There's a stretch where I think you said you got advice from Barbra Streisand and Rupert Murdoch and, you know...
AXELROD: ...Mike Bloomberg....
DAVIES: ...Mike Bloomberg...
AXELROD: ...And Roger Ailes, all within 12 hours. Yeah, I got attacked the left, right and center then on that particular trip to New York.
DAVIES: Well, as the message man, tell us how you rate, you know, your performance and the White House's performance in telling its story.
AXELROD: I think that we didn't do well in some respects in the first couple of years because we were really bailing out the boat. I mean - and it was very hard under those circumstances, especially given the fact that the economy was going - was sort of in such dire straits for a long period of time - very hard to sort of control the message.
The health care debate - very difficult to control. That was my fear in the beginning because 85 percent of Americans had health care. There was a lot in the bill that help them, but it wasn't apparent from the debate. The debate focused on the 15 percent who didn't have health care. I knew that would be problematical, and I never figured out how to pick the lock.
So there were a lot of messaging challenges. There is no doubt that we've seen the benefits of a lot of those early decisions that he made - saving the American auto industry and some of the others. But, you know, it's still true that the reality for most Americans is that, yes, the economy is better, but they're still peddling faster and faster to keep pace. It's the nature of the times in which we live. It's the great challenge that faces us and all advanced economies.
And so you want to claim progress, but you also want to do it in the context of what comes next. And I thought he did it brilliantly in the State of the Union speech. I wish we had done that earlier. And I think if he had been out in 2014, for example, giving the same speech he gave at the State of the Union, I think he could have helped define the race nationally in 2014 better than the race ended up being defined. And obviously, it didn't go very well for Democrats.
DAVIES: You know, our producer John Sheehan, in doing the research, prepared for me a list of some of the things you've been called - Axel-fraud, Street Fighter, Message Maven, Political Protector Marxist Mentor and Lefty Lumberjack. Do you have a favorite moniker or story that goes with one of them?
AXELROD: Well, the Axel-fraud thing sticks in my mind because those guys were shouting it at me when I was on the steps of the capitol in Massachusetts. I hadn't heard Liberal Lumberjack. It seems like a oxymoron.
DAVIES: Lefty Lumberjack.
AXELROD: Oh, Lefty Lumberjack - yeah, seems like an oxymoron to me. But, you know, I'm surprised, though, on your list that there aren't - you know, rumpled almost always comes up. And stained is another one because generally you can find remnants of my last meal somewhere on me. President loves that. He's always inspecting me so that he can ask me what I had that he's looking at.
DAVIES: We're coming up on another presidential campaign. And it's - so many people are in the pre-candidacy. I'm thinking about it. There's an exploratory committee. There's sort of a lot of posturing that goes on here. I'm wondering kind of what your observation is, particularly among all the Republicans. Well, I guess Hillary Clinton still hasn't made up her mind. Is this all - well, is this all a dance, or are these people really thinking this through?
AXELROD: Well, first of all, let's start with the presumption that every senator and every governor wakes up in the morning and sees the president of the United States staring back at them in the mirror when they're getting ready for work. That is endemic to politics. These are ambitious people, and they look around and say, why not me? So they are always eager applicants at the beginning of the process. And, you know, when you're looking at an open race, you have to say why not?
So they go out, and they test, and they see what kind of money they can raise and what kind of attention they can garner. They try and discern what their path would be. And what you find is it's a little like pole-vaulting. You know, everybody clears the early heights. And once you clear the early heights, the bar gets raised, and there are different tests, and it gets more and more difficult. And by the time it gets down to the semifinals, when you are one of the last people competing for the nomination, it's an excruciatingly difficult process - and then ultimately, the finals, of course.
And it should be because you're auditioning for the hardest job on the planet. And it's meant to be difficult. Sometimes it's absurd - the challenges and the tests. But, of course, sometimes the tests and challenges that a president faces are absurd, as well. So, you know, I think the process is exasperating, it's ridiculous at times, but it also serves its purpose. You really learn who these people are.
DAVIES: All right. I'll give you a chance to predict who will be the party nominees, who will win the election.
AXELROD: I appreciate that opportunity. Look, I think anyone would suggest that Hillary Clinton will be the nominee of the Democratic Party. I think she's the strongest open-seat contender for a party nomination that I've see it in my lifetime. And, you know, I look at these polls, and Democrats are - despite all the stuff you hear, Democrats are very solidly behind her.
On the Republican side, I think that's a very open question. Jeb Bush is a talented guy, and I think if he got through the process and didn't compromise on his positions on things like immigration reform and education reform, he would be a formidable candidate for president. But the history of the Republican party for the last several cycles is that they've nominated center-right Republicans, but they've forced them to make Faustian bargains with the right wing in order to be the nominee, thus rendering them unelectable. And the question is whether Bush can get through the primary process with his positions and to the general election. If he doesn't, Scott Walker's the flavor of the month now - the governor of Wisconsin.
But again, these other candidates - we'll have to see how they clear the bars when the bars get raised. It's one thing to run for governor of a state. It's another thing to run for the president of the United States. And you can find out how someone will do by watching them navigate the process.
DAVIES: And if the Hillary Clinton campaign comes knocking, saying, Ax, come on, one more time, what are you going to tell them?
AXELROD: I'm - it will be like the movie "Wolfman," where he has to be strapped in a room when the full moon came out so he didn't go out and hurt himself or others. I really - you know, I really am happy to be where I am today. And I think my family's happy that I'm where I am today. I asked them to make so many sacrifices. And I want to spend the rest of my life, you know, trying to inspire these kids, spending time with family. And if people call and ask me for advice, of course I'll give it to them, but I'm not going to get on that carousel again. I had such a singularly great experience with Obama. I had a relationship with him that I'll never have with anyone else. I'd rather go out on top and move on than get back on that carousel again.
DAVIES: David Axelrod, thanks so much for speaking with us.
AXELROD: Oh, I'm so glad to be with you. Thanks, Dave.
GROSS: David Axelrod's memoir is called "Believer: My Forty Years In Politics." He spoke with FRESH AIR contributor Dave Davies, who is also WHYY's senior reporter. Coming up - TV critic David Bianculli reviews the American premiere of a sitcom starring Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara, who worked together on the sketch comedy show "SCTV" and the folk music mockumentary "A Mighty Wind." This is FRESH AIR. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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