New research suggests that 3-month-old human babies can use lemur calls as teaching aids. The findings hint at a deep biological connection between language and learning.
Babies begin learning as soon as they're born. They're listening, too. But researchers still don't know exactly how the development of language and learning are linked: "How do language and concepts come together in the mind of the baby?" asks Sandy Waxman, a psychologist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill.
Waxman has devoted her career to answering that fundamental question. She says the language-learning connection is clear in older children. For example, a 2-year-old hears the word "dinosaur" when she sees many different kinds of dinosaurs. She soon connects the word "dinosaur" to the dinosaur category, and she can more easily identify future dinosaurs when she sees them.
But much younger children can't clearly discern words; can language still help them to learn categories? Waxman's previous work suggested it might. In her earlier study, 3-month-old babies were played human speech segments while they stared at a screen displaying dinosaurs. Later they were shown new dinosaurs. By watching their eyes, the scientists could see that infants could recognize other dinosaurs better when they had been taught the category while the human speech was playing in the background.
But was it really the speech that got their attention or just the sound that intrigued them? Waxman needed an answer, so this time she and her team tried to teach babies categories while they listened to two different sounds: the shriek of a lemur and human speech run backward.
"We reasoned that if the language effect that we'd seen earlier was nothing more than an infant's response to the complexity of the auditory signal, than both of those new sounds should help them form categories at this very early stage," she says.
In other words, if the sound was just a way of getting their attention, the babies would learn to categorize equally well while listening to both lemur shrieks and backward speech.
But that's not what the researchers found. The backward speech didn't help the babies to learn categories at all. But the lemur shrieks did. The study appears in this week's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"This work shows a very fundamental link between language and learning," says Janet Werker, who studies the roots of language acquisition at the University of British Columbia in Canada. Werker says the new study shows that there is something unique about the sounds we and our nearest animal relatives make. Even if little babies can't pick out the words, the sounds say, "Pay attention, you just might learn something!"
But not everyone agrees that the new work shows that primate sounds can stimulate a child's linguistic instinct. "This work tells us that sounds that are more like human language are more effective," says Lisa Oakes, a psychologist at the University of California, Davis. "What is more controversial is why they are effective." She says it's still unclear whether the primate sounds are stimulating some deep linguistic circuit in the brain or just getting the babies to look.
Whatever the effect, it doesn't last for long. By the time they were 6 months old, the babies had tuned out the lemur cries. Only human speech played forward helped them to learn.
Should Shots readers with 3-month-olds leave their babies in the care of a lemur teacher?
"It would be a fantastic experiment but I wouldn't endorse it," Waxman says. "I mean you know what lemurs are like. You wouldn't want to leave your baby alone with one of them."
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Transcript
RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:
From our earliest days, well before we learned to talk, our brains are trying to make sense of the world. New research suggests babies learn to recognize objects better in the presence of speech, even when that speech is not human. The paper, published in the "Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences," says babies as young as 3 months old learned to categorize pictures while listening to lemurs shrieks.
NPR science correspondent Geoff Brumfiel has a 3-month-old son, so we asked him to investigate.
GEOFF BRUMFIEL, BYLINE: Bring me the test baby.
(SOUNDBITE OF A GURGLING, BURPING BABY)
BRUMFIEL: So here's the question: Can my son tell the difference between my voice and this?
(SOUNDBITE OF SCREECHING LEMUR)
BRUMFIEL: Well, that's the question I'm wondering about. Psychologist Sandy Waxman has a slightly more sophisticated question she's trying to answer.
SANDY WAXMAN: How do language and concepts come together, in the mind of the baby?
BRUMFIEL: Waxman works at Northwestern University in Illinois. She studies how babies learn. For example...
WAXMAN: We know that babies can form categories really early on.
BRUMFIEL: So you show babies a bunch of pictures of, say, dogs, and they'll learn that a certain kind of critter is a dog. If you say the word "dog," they'll listen. But when do they connect the word dog with the real dogs?
WAXMAN: Do they learn about language and about concepts independently, and only later bring them together? Or are they somehow linked from the start? And if they are, in what sort of rudimentary way might they be linked from the start?
BRUMFIEL: Waxman's earlier work suggests a link. When 3-month-old babies heard human speech, they formed categories - like dog - more quickly. But babies that young can't discern individual words. So was the speech helping them to categorize things? To find out, Waxman and her team tried to teach babies categories while they listened to different sounds: the shriek of a lemur...
(SOUNDBITE OF LEMUR)
BRUMFIEL: ...which sounds sort of human-ish, and human speech run backwards...
(SOUNDBITE OF HUMAN SPEECH PLAYED BACKWARD)
BRUMFIEL: ...A sound pattern that couldn't be produced by anything in nature.
WAXMAN: We reasoned that if the language effect that we'd seen earlier was nothing but an infant's response to the complexity of the auditory signal, then both of those new sounds should help them form categories at this really early stage
BRUMFIEL: In other words, if the sound was just a way to get their attention, they would learn to categorize equally well while listening to both lemur shrieks and backwards speech. But that's not what the researchers found. The backwards speech didn't help the babies to learn categories at all. But the lemur shrieks did.
(SOUNDBITE OF LEMUR)
BRUMFIEL: This suggests that babies are prewired to respond to both human and near-human sounds. Even if they don't know its meaning, it seems to tell them, pay close attention; you're going to learn something.
JANET WERKER: I think this is just a remarkable finding,
BRUMFIEL: Janet Werker is a researcher at the University of British Columbia. She says the work suggests a deep biological connection between communication and learning.
Back at home, I'm ready for my own little experiment. I play my son some lemur calls.
(SOUNDBITE OF LEMURS)
BRUMFIEL: Well, it does look like I've sort of got your attention now.
(SOUNDBITE OF BABY COOING)
BRUMFIEL: So maybe he really can learn from lemurs - which raises another question for Sandy Waxman. Can I just leave him at home with some lemur recordings, and go grab a coffee?
WAXMAN: He needs to have more than just passive sounds played at him.
BRUMFIEL: So what you're saying, then, is that I should actually purchase a lemur and leave it in the house with him.
WAXMAN: Well, I wouldn't endorse it. (Laughing) I mean, you know what lemurs are like. You don't want to leave your baby alone with one of them.
BRUMFIEL: Geoff Brumfiel, NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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