The U.S. economy grew at a steady though not very strong pace this year. But Europe slipped back into recession because of the ongoing debt crisis. European leaders took steps to stimulate growth, but it wasn't enough to reverse course.
The economic crisis that got under way five years ago was felt all over the world. But Mohammed El-Erian, CEO of the investment firm PIMCO, says different regions have healed at much different rates.
The year "2012 was another multispeed world globally, in the sense that different parts did different things," he says.
El-Erian says developing countries such as China have slowed down, but not too much. The United States grew — albeit sluggishly. In Europe, the troubles were more severe. In troubled countries such as Greece, the economy shrank by 4 or 5 percent, but bigger economies were also hurt.
In April, British Prime Minister David Cameron had to explain to Parliament why his country was back in recession.
"These are very, very disappointing figures," he said. "I don't seek to excuse them, I don't seek to try to explain them away."
In the eurozone, strong economies such as Germany avoided recession, but they too have seen slower growth. The troubles weren't isolated to the continent. The slowdown in U.S. job growth last spring was partly attributed to fears about Greece's debts. And companies that export to Europe are feeling the impact of its slowdown.
John Bishop owns a small company in New Jersey that makes metal parts for aerospace and electronics companies. He says one of his customers makes automatic power generators.
"Last year, they gave us a blanket order for the year to make around 1,200 systems," Bishop says. "The order so far this year was for about 200 systems, 'cause seeing what's happening in Europe, they're not sure of what's going to happen, and so they're being conservative."
Europe's problems can be partly blamed on misguided policies, says Eswar Prasad of the Brookings Institution. Like the United States, Europe has faced weak growth and an uneven job market. It's tried to stimulate growth and cut debt at the same time.
"Undertaking any one of those reforms is very difficult even in good times, and trying to do both at the same time when the economies are not doing well is really going to hold back growth," he says.
Prasad says central banks have also responded differently to the crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve has aggressively poured money into the economy. In September, the European Central Bank finally announced a limited bond-buying program to bring down interest rates in certain countries.
"But even if the central bank, the European central bank were to do that, it has indicated it would pull that money that gets put into the economy out because it doesn't want to stoke inflation," Prasad says. "So in a sense, they are still taking a very cautious line."
The changes Europe has made this year have often been incremental. One was the creation of a single regulator to rein in and rescue the most troubled banks.
Mohammed El-Erian says that after a long period of denial, Europe is finally starting to build the infrastructure its economy demands.
There's still tremendous emphasis on austerity, and the result of that is that virtually every country is finding that it is disappointing on the growth side, and it is also disappointing on the budget and debt side — which is ironic. And, the big question for 2013 is how long will the citizens tolerate this," El-Erian says.
What's clear is that citizens' patience is running out. Europeans may not agree on how to handle the challenges they face, but after this year they do agree on one thing: What's been done so far hasn't addressed the region's troubles.
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Transcript
STEVEN INSKEEP, HOST:
The kindest thing you could say about the economy in Europe in 2012 is that it was a year of experimentation as leaders took steps to try to stimulate growth. Europe slipped back into recession because of the ongoing debt crisis.
STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:
And as NPR's Jim Zarroli reports, the steps taken have not been enough to reverse course. He has today's business bottom-line.
JIM ZARROLI, BYLINE: The economic crisis that got under way five years ago was felt all over the world. But Mohammed El-Erian, CEO of the investment firm PIMCO, says different regions have healed at much different rates.
MOHAMMED EL-ERIAN: Two thousand twelve was another multi-speed world globally, in the sense that different parts did different things.
ZARROLI: El-Erian says developing countries such as China have slowed down, but not too much. The United States has grown, albeit sluggishly. In Europe, the troubles have been more severe. In countries such has Greece, the economy shrank by four or five percent. But bigger economies were hurt too. In April, British Prime Minister David Cameron had to explain to parliament why his country was back in recession.
DAVID CAMERON: These are very, very disappointing figures. I don't seek to excuse them. I don't seek to try and explain them away.
ZARROLI: In the eurozone, strong economies such as Germany have avoided recession, but they too have seen slower growth. The troubles haven't been isolated to the continent. The slowdown in U.S. job growth last spring was partly attributed to fears about Greece's debts. And companies that export to Europe have felt the impact of its slowdown.
John Bishop owns a small New Jersey company that makes metal parts for aerospace and electronics companies. He says one of his customers makes automatic power generators.
JOHN BISHOP: Last year, they gave U.S. a blanket order for the year to make around 1200 systems. The order so far this year, was for about 200 systems, 'cause seeing what's happening in Europe they're not sure of what's going to happen. And so, they're being conservative.
ZARROLI: Europe's problems can be partly blamed on misguided policies, says Eswar Prasad of the Brookings Institution. Like the United States, Europe has faced weak growth and an uneven job market. It's tried to stimulate growth and cut debt at the same time.
ESWAR PRASAD: Undertaking any one of those reforms is very difficult, even in good times. And trying to do both at the same time, when the economies are not doing well, is really going to hold back growth.
ZARROLI: Prasad says central banks have also responded differently to the crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve has aggressively poured money into the economy. In September, the European Central Bank finally announced a limited bond-buying program to bring down interest rates in certain countries.
PRASAD: But even if the European Central Bank were to do that, it has indicated it would pull that money that gets put into the economy out, because it doesn't want to stoke inflation. So, in a sense, they're still taking a very cautious line.
ZARROLI: The changes Europe has made this year have often been incremental. One was the creation of a single regulator to rein in and rescue the most troubled banks.
Mohammed El-Erian says after a long period of denial, Europe is finally starting to build the infrastructure its economy demands.
EL-ERIAN: There's still tremendous emphasis on austerity. And the result of that is that virtually every country is finding that it is disappointing on the growth side. And it's also disappointing on the budget and debt side. And the big question for 2013, is how long will the citizens tolerate this?
ZARROLI: What's clear is that citizens' patience is running out. Europeans may not agree on how to handle the challenges they face, but after this year, they do agree on one thing: What's been done so far hasn't addressed the region's troubles.
Jim Zarroli, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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