Over the past few weeks, thousands of people have protested after grand juries failed to indict police officers in the deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown. What they wanted was to have the officers tried in an open court before a jury of their peers. But the notion of a jury of your peers isn't so straightforward.
Take, for example, 21-year-old Roderick Giles' experience. When he got a jury summons in the mail, he reacted the way a lot of people do.
"I did not want to go to jury duty," he says. "That was the last thing on my mind to do."
Luckily for the California resident, the judge dismissed him because he was 10 minutes late getting to Sacramento County Superior Court. But ideally, that's not how jury selection is supposed to work.
Potential jurors generally are questioned first, then dismissed — and it can take a long time. Earlier this year in Atlanta, 600 prospective jurors were summoned for the high-profile trial of 12 public school teachers and principals accused of correcting students' answers on standardized tests. Even then, defense attorney Bob Rubin challenged the pool because he said it underrepresented African-Americans.
"All of the defendants are African-American," Rubin says. "And if they're entitled to a fair cross section of their peers, then their peers ought to be represented correctly in the jury pool."
The judge dismissed that challenge. He also excused anyone who said it would be too much of a financial burden to not work during the six-month trial. But when a disproportionate percentage of those people ended up being African-American, the judge said he would call them back in and order their employers to continue paying them if they were selected. After all, Rubin says, race matters.
"In my 28 years of experience, black jurors are generally more suspicious of law enforcement than white jurors," he says. "They tend to take what the government says with a grain of salt more than white jurors do — and to me, that mattered."
Jury selection in that case took six weeks.
Shari Seidman Diamond, a jury expert and professor at Northwestern Law School, says the jury system has changed a lot in the past 200 years.
"Jury trials in early times were quite short," she says. "When jurors went back to deliberate, there were instances where they were kind of locked up without food or drink until they delivered a verdict."
It was also common for jurors to know the defendants and the witnesses, which no longer is allowed. And most important, for a long time only white men could serve on juries.
Seidman Diamond says the idea of a "jury of your peers" comes from the Magna Carta, but the phrase doesn't actually appear in the U.S. Constitution. Instead what we have is a right to "an impartial jury" drawn from the surrounding region.
"The meaning has come to represent an interest in having a cross section of the community who are eligible to be on your jury," she says.
After all, the jury system isn't just about defendants who want a fair trial; it's also about the community participating in the system of law.
And while many people dread the prospect of jury duty, those who serve often end up liking it. San Francisco resident Gerald Spotts, who was waiting outside the courtroom for what would be his third stint on a jury, says he enjoys watching the legal system at work.
"It helps you understand, if you ever get in trouble, what you might have to deal with," he says.
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Transcript
ERIC WESTERVELT, HOST:
Over the last several months, thousands of people have protested after grand juries failed to indict police officers in the deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown. What they wanted - to have the officers tried in an open court before a jury of their peers. But as Emily Green reports, creating a jury of your peers is not so straightforward.
EMILY GREEN, BYLINE: It happens all the time - in your mail is a jury summons requiring you to be at such and such date at 9 in the morning. And a lot of people react like 21-year-old Roderick Giles, who's running late to court.
RODERICK GILES: I did not want to go to jury duty. That was the last thing on my mind to do.
GREEN: Luckily for Giles, the judge dismisses him because he's 10 minutes late. That's not, by the way, how jury selection is ideally supposed to work. Potential jurors are generally questioned first and then dismissed - and it can take a long time. Take the high-profile trial in Atlanta of a dozen former public school teachers and principals accused of correcting students' answers on standardized tests. Six hundred prospective jurors were summoned. Even then, defense attorney Bob Rubin challenged the pool because he said it underrepresented African-Americans.
BOB RUBIN: All of the defendants are African-American. And if they're entitled to a fair cross-section of their peers, then their peers ought to be represented correctly in the jury pool.
GREEN: The judge dismissed that challenge. He also excused anyone who said it would be too much of a financial burden to not work during the six-month trial. But when a disproportionate percentage of those people ended up being African-American, the judge said he'd call them back in and order their employers to continue paying them if they were selected. After all, Rubin says, race matters.
RUBIN: In my 28 years of experience, black jurors are generally more suspicious of law enforcement than white jurors. They tend to take what the government says with a grain of salt more than white jurors do, and to me that mattered.
GREEN: Jury selection, in that case, took six weeks. Even with its flaws, the jury system has served the country remarkably well for more than 200 years, says Shari Seidman Diamond, a professor at Northwestern Law School and expert on juries.
SHARI SEIDMAN DIAMOND: Jury trials in early times were quite short.
GREEN: Of course, a lot has changed since then.
DIAMOND: When jurors went back to deliberate, there were instances where they were kind of locked up without food or drink until they delivered a verdict.
GREEN: Seidman Diamond says it was also common for jurors to know the defendants and the witnesses. That's no longer allowed. And most importantly, only white men could serve on juries. The idea of a jury of your peers comes from the Magna Carta. But the phrase doesn't actually appear in the U.S. Constitution. Seidman Diamond says what we have is a right to an impartial jury.
DIAMOND: The meaning has come to represent an interest in having a cross-section of the community who are eligible to be on your jury.
GREEN: And while many people dread the prospect of jury duty, those who serve often end up liking it. San Francisco resident Gerald Spotts waits outside the courtroom for what is his third stint on a jury.
GERALD SPOTTS: I enjoy watching the legal system at work. It helps you understand, if you ever get in trouble, what you might have to deal with.
GREEN: After all, the jury system is not just about defendants who want a fair trial, it's about the community participating in the system of law. For NPR News, I'm Emily Green. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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