Instead Of Replacing Missing Body Parts, Moon Jellies Recycle

Moon jellies have an unusual self-repair strategy, scientists have learned. If one of these young jellies loses some limbs, it simply rearranges what's left until its body is once again symmetrical.

"We were not expecting to see that," says Michael Abrams, a graduate student in biology at the California Institute of Technology.

All creatures have tricks to heal themselves. If you get a cut, your skin will form a scar. And some sea creatures, like starfish and sea cucumbers, can regenerate lost body parts.

So a couple of years ago, when Abrams and some colleagues started growing moon jellies in the lab, they decided to explore what these jellies could do.

"We started doing kind of old-school experiments, where you just sort of cut off pieces and see what happens," recalls Abrams.

Each young jellyfish is tiny and looks like a snowflake, Abrams explains, with eight arms and a mouth in the center. He tried chopping them in half with a razor blade.

"If you imagine cutting them in half, that means you've now got four arms on one side and no arms on the other side," he says.

He thought the lost limbs might regenerate. But, no. Instead, over a couple of days, the remaining limbs moved around the body until the little jellyfish was once again symmetrical.

"Rather than four arms on one side, you had sort of an x shape, like a cross," he says.

In fact, no matter how many arms he cut off, these little jellies would rearrange what was left to re-create a symmetrical pattern.

His adviser, Lea Goentoro, was intrigued. "It could be a really different strategy of surviving from injuries," she says, "so I just thought, well, we just need to look at this a bit more."

The team did a bunch of studies, which are described in the current Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

What they learned is that the jellyfish heal themselves by swimming. As a wounded jellyfish struggles to move through the water with its remaining limbs, its muscles contract and relax. This movement creates forces that push on the body's elastic, jelly-like material, reshaping it until the limbs are once again evenly spaced.

"It's that propulsion machinery itself that drives its own repair," says Goentoro.

The lives of these jellyfish absolutely depend on them being symmetrical, says Ty Basinger, who did some of the experiments.

"If they are asymmetrical, they won't swim, they won't move through the water column, they won't feed normally," he says.

Basinger says this strategy for regaining function, without regaining a limb, could prove useful for designing future materials or technologies.

"When we think about fixing something that's broken, we often think about replacing the part," says Basinger. "Here we have an observation in nature where it's doing something different."

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