Florida — especially South Florida — is very flat and very low, and in places like Miami Beach and Key West, buildings are just 3 feet above sea level. Scientists now say there may be a 3-foot rise in the world's oceans by the end of the century.
Under ordinances recently adopted in Key West, all new buildings will have to be raised at least a foot and a half higher than the old standard, use green building codes, and have large, freshwater cisterns. The water will be used in gardens, swimming pools and toilets. By collecting rainwater, cisterns help reduce flooding by keeping it out of the streets.
"We are connected to the mainland by a thin thread of U.S. 1 and a pipeline that travels 154 miles to South Florida for our water," says Donald Craig, the city's planning director. "We are, in all senses of the word, vulnerable to sea level rise."
Making Adjustments
Key West is in Monroe County. Three years ago, Monroe joined three other counties in South Florida to plan for the impact of climate change. Projections developed for the group say South Florida may see between a 3- and 7-inch sea level rise by 2020. By the year 2060, the counties are planning for a sea level rise of up to 2 feet.
Craig says exact numbers are hard to pin down. "We don't know whether that's going to be all at once, whether it's going to be 2 inches a year, but the reality is that sea level is going to rise. We have to plan for it, and this is one of the ways that we can do that," he says.
Key West's downtown tourist epicenter is also one of the island's lowest points. Alison Higgins, Key West's sustainability coordinator, is one of the people planning how the island will change to adapt to rising sea level.
It's not just a question for the future. Higgins says the town deals with it every month — during the full moon when the high tide pushes seawater up through the storm drains, flooding some streets. Rainwater recently lapped over the curb at a downtown CVS and flooded all the merchandise on the bottom floor.
Outside its front entrance, the drugstore now keeps a permanent stack of sandbags at the ready. To help stop the regular flooding, Key West is spending more than $4 million to install pumps and upgrade its drainage downtown.
But in other parts of town, Higgins says there's not an easy solution. In midtown, she says, there are some wood structures and a lot built from concrete block. "It was the cheaper way to build," she says.
It's one of the lowest-lying neighborhoods in Key West, just a few feet above sea level. It flooded during Hurricane Wilma in 2005, and, as the oceans rise, it will become more vulnerable to flooding from storm surge and even rainstorms. Because most houses are concrete block built on slabs, they're not easily elevated.
New federal flood insurance rates recently took effect have dramatically raised the premiums for many who live here. Chris Bergh with the Nature Conservancy says increasing the cost of living in paradise is one more impact of sea level rise.
"Part of the reason that property values are so high here is that it's been considered a desirable place to live. But, at some point with sea level rise, the risks associated with living near the ocean start to come into play and start to counteract those benefits," Bergh says.
Others in Key West though are more optimistic. Even under worst-case scenarios of a 3-foot rise by the end of the century, they say Key West will survive and even prosper.
"People will want to continue to live near the water," Craig says.
Craig says in Key West and other coastal areas, he thinks people and the communities they live in will adapt.
"They will recognize that they have to raise their houses. We will have to make adjustments in our roads," he says. "When you think about it, if the Dutch can adapt by having a series of barriers against the North Sea that they maintain at great expense, then we can adapt."
Key West also has something else in its favor. For nearly 200 years now, the U.S. Navy has had a major presence here. And rising seas or not, that's not expected to change.
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Transcript
LINDA WERTHEIMER, HOST:
Let's hear now about the growing threat of flooding along the U.S. coastline. Scientists say warming oceans will see the sea levels rise as much as three feet by the end of the century. That is a rising concern in many low lying areas like the island of Key West, Florida, which is leading the way in preparing for a watery future.
NPR's Greg Allen reports.
GREG ALLEN, BYLINE: There's a new firehouse under construction in Key West and it's being built with sea level rise in mind.
(SOUNDBITE OF A SAW)
JOHNNIE YONGUE: Now, the Stock Island Fire Station is going to be developed at a finished floor elevation of 10 feet, which is one foot above the FEMA flood plain level.
ALLEN: Project Manager Johnnie Yongue says that's a foot higher than originally planned. The firehouse's living quarters were raised even more a foot and a half. Plans were rewritten to elevate the building after the county adopted a new strategy for climate change.
Under ordinances recently adopted in Key West, all new buildings have to be raised at least a foot and a half higher than the old standard. They also must meet green building codes and have large freshwater cisterns.
BUDDY MONTTGOMERY: Right here, here. You're standing on top of a cistern right here.
ALLEN: Project Superintendent Buddy Montgomery says under the front steps of the firehouse, his crew has installed a 22,000-gallon cistern. It's a reservoir that holds rainwater collected from roofs and downspouts.
MONTTGOMERY: So every drop that hits that roof will be going in there. It goes through a filtration system and then into the cistern.
ALLEN: It's water for use in gardens, swimming pools and toilets. By collecting rainwater, cisterns help reduce flooding by keeping it out of the streets.
DONALD CRAIG: We live on an island a two and a half by three and a half mile island, completely surrounded by water.
ALLEN: Donald Craig is the city's planning director.
CRAIG: We are connected to the mainland by a thin thread of U.S. 1 and a pipeline that travels 154 miles to South Florida for our water. We are, in all senses of the word, vulnerable to sea level rise.
ALLEN: Key West is in Monroe County. Three years ago, Monroe joined three other counties in South Florida to plan for the impact of climate change.
Projections developed for the group say South Florida may see between a three and seven inch sea level rise by 2020. By the year 2060, the counties are planning for a sea level rise of up to two feet.
Planning director Craig says exact numbers are hard to pin down.
CRAIG: We don't know whether that's going to be all at once, whether it's going to be two inches a year. But the reality is that sea level is going to rise. We have to plan for it. And this is one of the ways that we can do that.
ALLEN: Compared to other islands in the Florida Keys, Key West has some elevation. Its highest point - a hill in town - is 18 feet above sea level. But much of the town is just a few feet above sea level - susceptible to flooding from rain storms and increasingly, from high tides.
(SOUNDBITE OF CROWD CHATTER)
ALISON HIGGINS: We're at the heart of downtown. This is Front Street and Duval. It's the key tourist epicenter. And it's also one of our lowest points on the island.
ALLEN: Alison Higgins is Key West's Sustainability coordinator. She's one of the people planning how Key West will change to adapt to rising sea level.
It's not just a question for the future. Higgins says the town deals with it every month - during the full moon - when the high tide pushes sea water up through the storm drains, flooding some streets.
HIGGINS: The CVS that's behind me - it went into there and flooded all the merchandise on their bottom floor.
ALLEN: Outside its front entrance, the drugstore now keeps a permanent stack of sandbags at the ready. To help stop the regular flooding, Key West is spending more than $4 million to install pumps and upgrade its drainage downtown. But in other parts of town, Higgins says there's not an easy solution.
(SOUNDBITE OF MOTOR SCOOTER)
ALLEN: We're in Midtown. We do have some wood structures. But we also have a lot of just the concrete block - cheaper way to build.
It's one of the lowest lying neighborhoods in Key West - just a few feet above sea level. It flooded during Hurricane Wilma and, as the oceans rise, it will become more vulnerable to flooding from storm surge and even rainstorms. And, because most houses are concrete block built on slabs, they're not easily elevated.
New federal flood insurance rates recently took effect that have dramatically raised the premiums for many who live here. Chris Bergh, with the Nature Conservancy, says that's one more impact of sea level rise - increasing the cost of living in paradise.
CHRIS BERGH: Part of the reason that property values are so high here is that it's been considered a desirable place to live. But, at some point with sea level rise, the risks associated with living near the ocean start to come into play, and start to counteract those benefits.
ALLEN: Others in Key West though, are more optimistic. Even under worst-case scenarios of a three foot rise by the end of the century, they say Key West will survive - and even prosper.
CRAIG: People will want to continue to live near the water.
ALLEN: Planning Director Donald Craig says in Key West and other coastal areas, he thinks people and the communities they live in will adapt.
CRAIG: They will recognize that they have to raise their houses. We will have to make adjustments in our roads. When you think about it, if the Dutch can adapt by having a series of barriers against the North Sea that they maintain at great expense, then, we can adapt.
ALLEN: Key West also has something else in its favor. For nearly 200 years now, the U.S. Navy has had a major presence here. And rising seas or not, that's not expected to change.
Greg Allen, NPR News, Miami. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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