Mississippi Marks 50 Years Since History-Changing 'Freedom Summer'
A new exhibit at the Mississippi state archives takes you back in time. The facade of a front porch, complete with screen door, invites you to imagine what it was like for some 900 activists, mostly white college students, who in 1964 came to the nation's most closed society.
Robert Moses was an organizer of what was at the time formally known as the Mississippi Summer Project.
"That's sort of what was nice about it. There was no pretension that we were going to change history," Moses says. "We were just going to have our little summer project."
But in reality, Moses says, it was guerrilla warfare coordinated by several civil rights groups, motivated in part by the assassination of NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers the year before. Moses says the concept was to have the young workers spread throughout the black community, living with families.
A new exhibit at the Mississippi state archives includes photographs, excerpts from journals and film clips documenting 1964's Freedom Summer.
"The idea of a white woman eating at the same table with black people, sharing the same toilet, using the same ... shower. This really was an anathema. It was breaking the social code," Moses says.
They set up Freedom Schools to educate African-American children and conducted workshops on registering to vote, often using black churches as an operating base. The efforts were met with fierce white resistance.
This archives exhibit includes photographs, excerpts from journals and film clips documenting the Freedom Summer experience. These materials are part of a growing collection the state is amassing for a civil rights museum now under construction.
"Fifty years ago, this exhibit would not have been within this space," says Jacqueline Dace, the museum's project manager.
The archives exhibit kicks off a month of events that will culminate in a Freedom Summer reunion in late June.
Dace says the workers deserve recognition and an opportunity to share their stories while they're still able, "because for many years they were not able to talk about it. Whether it was their own personal PTSD that they were dealing with, because they were beat, they were bloodied, they saw their friends killed. So for the state of Mississippi to say, OK, yeah, we need to reconcile this — it's totally necessary."
After decades of confrontation over how to handle the rich but chilling history here, official Mississippi is no longer an obstacle. The state is now actively promoting its place as ground zero in the civil rights struggle.
The Good, The Bad And The Ugly
In front of what used to be the Greyhound bus station in downtown Jackson, Mississippi tourism director Malcolm White marks the spot where Freedom Riders were beaten and arrested while trying to integrate public transportation.
It's one of dozens of sites around the state with historic Mississippi Freedom Trail markers commemorating civil rights milestones — even brutal murders like the three Freedom Summer workers killed by Klansmen in Neshoba County.
"I think Mississippi is finally getting it right. We talk about telling the Mississippi story — a huge part of that story is civil rights, African-American struggle, slavery and all of the above. The good, bad and the ugly," White says.
Mississippi has long touted its blues and literary heritage, White says. Now it's time to tell the rest of the story.
"We really have a strategy to be honest about the struggle and Mississippi's role in it," he says. "Ultimately, if we continue to build our trail and to get our museum open, then hopefully the textbooks will be rewritten and what we teach our children will be closer to the truth than what I was taught."
For Moses, that kind of reckoning is essential.
"Mississippi might help the country lead the way into having a more forthright history of itself," he says.
Moses says the lessons from 50 years ago are relevant for global human rights movements today.
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Transcript
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
It's been 50 years since hundreds of young activists from around the country descended on Mississippi in an unprecedented campaign to register black voters. Freedom Summer was met with violent resistance and ended with the Ku Klux Klan murders of three civil rights workers. This year, NPR will be looking back at Freedom Summer and how it changed the country. NPR's Debbie Elliott opens our series with a visit to Mississippi's capital city, Jackson, where the state is now officially embracing its turbulent history.
DEBBIE ELLIOTT, BYLINE: A new exhibit at the state archives takes you back in time.
(SOUNDBITE OF EXHIBIT)
UNIDENTIFIED MAN: The summer of 1964 in Mississippi...
ELLIOTT: The facade of a front porch, complete with screen door, invites you to imagine what it was like for some 900 activists, mostly white college students, who came to the nation's most closed society.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
ROBERT MOSES: The revolutionary aspect of their coming was their coming.
ELLIOTT: Robert Moses was an organizer of what was, at the time, dubbed The Mississippi Summer Project.
MOSES: That's sort of what was nice about it 'cause there was no pretension that we were going to change history. We were just going to have our little summer project.
ELLIOTT: But in reality, Moses says, it was guerrilla warfare, coordinated by several civil rights groups motivated, in part, by the assassination of NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers the year before. Moses says the concept was to have the young workers spread throughout the black community, living with families.
MOSES: The idea of a white woman eating at the same table with black people, sharing the same toilet, using the same wash, you know, shower - this really was an anathema. It was breaking the social code.
ELLIOTT: They set up Freedom Schools to educate African-American children and conducted workshops on registering to vote, often using black churches as an operating base, all the time met with fierce white resistance. The archives exhibit includes photographs, excerpts from journals and film clips documenting the Freedom Summer experience.
MOSES: This is the Freedom Day in Hattiesburg.
ELLIOTT: We're looking at a black and white photo that shows white clergy and young black men protesting in front of a courthouse.
MOSES: It was the first really integrated picket line in Mississippi.
ELLIOTT: These materials are part of a growing collection the state is amassing for a civil rights museum now under construction. Jacqueline Dace is the project manager.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
JACQUELINE DACE: Fifty years ago, this exhibit would not have been within this space.
ELLIOTT: The archives exhibit kicks off a month of events that will culminate at a Freedom Summer reunion. Dace says the workers deserve recognition and an opportunity to share their stories while they're still able.
DACE: Because for many years, they were not able to talk about it. You know, whether it was because of their own personal PTSD that they were dealing with because, you know, they were beat, they were bloodied, you know, they saw their friends killed. And so for the state of Mississippi to say, OK, yeah, we need to reconcile this - it's totally necessary.
ELLIOTT: After decades of confrontation over how to handle the rich but chilling history here, official Mississippi is no longer an obstacle. The state is now actively promoting its place as ground zero in the civil rights struggle.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
MALCOLM WHITE: This is one of the - what we call the Mississippi Freedom Trail markers.
ELLIOTT: Malcolm White is Mississippi's tourism director. We're standing in downtown Jackson, in front of what used to be the Greyhound bus station, where Freedom Riders were beaten and arrested trying to integrate public transportation. It's one of dozens of sites around the state with historic markers, commemorating key civil rights milestones - even brutal murders like the three Freedom Summer workers killed by Klansmen in Neshoba County.
WHITE: I think Mississippi is, you know, finally getting it right. I mean, when we talk about telling the Mississippi story, part of that story - a huge part of that story - is civil rights, African-American struggle, slavery and all of the above - the good, bad and the ugly.
ELLIOTT: Mississippi has long touted its blues and literary heritage, White says. Now it's time to tell the rest of the story.
WHITE: We really have a strategy to be honest about the struggle and Mississippi's role. And ultimately, if we continue to build our trail and to get our museum open, then hopefully the textbooks will be rewritten, and what we teach our children will be closer to the truth than what I was taught.
ELLIOTT: For Freedom Summer leader Robert Moses, that kind of reckoning is essential.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
MOSES: Mississippi might help the country lead the way into having a more forthright history of itself.
ELLIOTT: Moses says the lessons from Freedom Summer, 50 years ago, are relevant for global human rights movements today. Debbie Elliott. NPR News, Jackson, Mississippi.
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "THIS LITTLE LIGHT OF MINE")
CORNISH: You're listening to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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