Painting The 'Epic Drama' Of The Great Migration: The Work Of Jacob Lawrence
There's no historical marker outside Jacob Lawrence's childhood home in New York City's Harlem neighborhood.
But Khalil Gibran Muhammad, director of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, has an idea of what it might say: "Here lived one of the 20th century's most influential visual artists, a man named Jacob Lawrence, who was a child of southern migrants."
The son of a cook from South Carolina and a domestic worker from Virginia, Lawrence was born in Atlantic City in 1917, but it was his years in Harlem that shaped some of his most iconic work: a series of 60 paintings about the black Southerners, like his parents, who fled to cities in the North and West during the Great Migration.
That mass exodus of African-Americans began a hundred years ago, and lasted until the 1970s. New York's Museum of Modern Art is honoring that history by displaying Lawrence's entire series for the first time since 2008, when it was shown at The Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. Co-owned by the two museums, the paintings are making a rare appearance together now at MoMA in "One-Way Ticket: Jacob Lawrence's Migration Series and Other Visions of the Great Movement North."
Each of the 60 paintings in Jacob Lawrence's Great Migration series is accompanied with a caption. For this panel, he wrote in 1941: "In every town Negroes were leaving by the hundreds to go North and enter into Northern industry."
Leaving A 'Godforsaken Place'
Jim Crow laws that codified racial inequality in the South helped drive Lawrence's parents – and 6 million other African-Americans — to move to cities like New York, Detroit, and Chicago. Along the way, they transformed the music, demographics, and politics of the places they went.
"They were not only heroic in their courage to leave a godforsaken place for a better place," Muhammad explains, "but also that they were also going to challenge that new place to live up to its own possibilities."
Isabel Wilkerson, who wrote about the Great Migration in The Warmth of Other Suns, says the mass movement was a turning point in U.S. history that was overlooked for decades.
"There are many, many children and grandchildren of the Great Migration who did not hear this directly from their own families," she says. "Because it went on for so long, it was often hard to see, and I think one of the people who could see it all along was Jacob Lawrence."
"Another cause was lynching. It was found that where there had been a lynching, the people who were reluctant to leave at first left immediately after this."
"Another of the social causes of the migrants' leaving was that at times they did not feel safe, or it was not the best thing to be found on the streets late at night. They were arrested on the slightest provocation."
Not A 'Utopian Image'
Lawrence finished the 60 paintings in his series in 1941. He used brightly colored tempera paint to show families waiting with luggage, sleeping in train cars, and other moments from their journey north.
"I wanted to create a work that was very sparse. You'd see it immediately," Lawrence said in the 1993 documentary Jacob Lawrence and the Making of the Migration Series.
Spliced between the images of train travel in the first half of the series are scenes of violence and poverty in the South. In one panel, a figure in red huddles near a noose hanging from a tree limb. Another shows barechested children hauling woven baskets of cotton.
Leah Dickerman, the curator of the MoMA exhibition, says panels about life outside of the South in the second half don't show a promised land either.
"It isn't a utopian image" she explains. "He also addresses the kinds of racism and disappointments that migrants found when they actually got to the North."
As the migrants began to arrive, some white residents led race riots in the black neighborhoods of East St. Louis, Ill., Chicago and other cities. Many migrants also met the harsh realities of living in the cramped quarters of urban tenement houses and feeling the disdain some northern blacks had for newcomers from the South.
"In the North the Negro had better educational facilities."
"One of the largest race riots occurred in East St. Louis."
A Portrait Of America
For Shirley Young, who recently saw the show, Lawrence's paintings are a reflection of life.
"He drew it, but I lived through it," says the 80-year-old resident of Brooklyn, N.Y. "I remember all of the hard times, the depressions, getting in line, all that kind of stuff."
Born in Baton Rouge, La., Young eventually moved to New York, where she's lived for more than half a century. She says some things, like racial tensions and economic inequality, haven't changed.
"You have people without jobs. Whatever you had to do back then, you're doing the same thing now in 2015," she says. "It's like history repeating itself."
Depicting history was not what Lawrence had in mind when he made these paintings. Instead, he was trying to capture what he once described as "a great epic drama" taking place before his eyes.
"I don't think in terms of history in that series. I think in terms of contemporary life," he said in the documentary. "If it was a portrait, it was a portrait of myself, a portrait of my family, a portrait of my peers."
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Transcript
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
An exhibition by a giant in African-American art has opened in New York City. Jacob Lawrence's Migration Series of 60 paintings is co-owned by two museums, the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. and the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The paintings are together this spring, anchoring a new multimedia show at MOMA. NPR's Hansi Lo Wang has this story about the artist and the history behind those works.
HANSI LO WANG, BYLINE: There's no historical marker in Harlem outside of Jacob Lawrence's childhood home.
Is this the block?
KHALIL GIBRAN MUHAMMAD: This is the block, so we are almost there. It's on this side of the street.
WANG: But Khalil Gibran Muhammad, director of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, has an idea of what it might say.
MUHAMMAD: Here lived one the 20th century's most influential visual artists, a man named Jacob Lawrence, who was a child of Southern migrants.
WANG: Born in 1917, his father was a cook from South Carolina and his mother, a domestic worker from Virginia. Both headed north to start a better life.
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "NORTHBOUND BLUES")
MAGGIE JONES: (Singing) I'm going north, child, where I can be free.
WANG: This 1925 song by Maggie Jones, "Northbound Blues," is one of many paired online with the Museum of Modern Art's gallery exhibition of Jacob Lawrence's work. Jones sings about about the Jim Crow laws that codified racial inequality in the South. They helped to drive Lawrence's parents to leave a Southern world that he barely knew, as he recalled in the 1993 documentary, "Jacob Lawrence And The Making Of The Migration Series."
(SOUNDBITE OF DOCUMENTARY, "JACOB LAWRENCE AND THE MAKING OF THE MIGRATION SERIES")
JACOB LAWRENCE: I had never seen a boll weevil. I'd never seen cotton. So I was far removed from the culture I knew, but yet I was very close to it.
WANG: That's because his family and many of his neighbors in Harlem were among the 6 million Southern blacks who fled to cities like New York, Detroit and Chicago from 1915 to the 1970s. Along the way, they transformed the music, demographics and politics of the places they went, as Khalil Gibran Muhammad explains.
MUHAMMAD: They were not only heroic in their courage to leave a godforsaken place for a better place, but also that they were going to challenge that new place to live up to its own possibilities.
ISABEL WILKERSON: Eventually, these people would become the advanced guard of what we now know to be the civil rights movement.
WANG: Isabel Wilkerson, who wrote about great migration in "The Warmth Of Other Suns," says the mass movement was a turning point in U.S. history that was overlooked for decades.
WILKERSON: There are many, many children and grandchildren of the Great Migration who did not hear this directly from their own families. Because it went on for so long, it was often hard to see. And I think one of the people who could see it all along was Jacob Lawrence.
(SOUNDBITE OF DOCUMENTARY, "JACOB LAWRENCE AND THE MAKING OF THE MIGRATION SERIES")
LAWRENCE: I wanted to create a work that was very sparse. You'd see it immediately. It's a long, arduous ride from where these people came.
WANG: Jacob Lawrence finished the 60 paintings in his Migration Series in 1941. He used brightly colored tempera paint to show families waiting with luggage, sleeping in train cars and other moments from their journey north. The exhibition at MOMA also highlights the work of other artists tied to the great migration, like Josh White's 1941 protest song, "Jim Crow Train."
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "JIM CROW TRAIN")
JOSH WHITE: (Singing) Can't you hear that train whistle blow? Can't you hear that train whistle blow? Can't you hear that train whistle blow?
LEAH DICKERMAN: So of the 60 panels, I'd say 16 or so have images of train stations or train tracks or train cars.
WANG: Leah Dickerman, the show's curator, says spliced between those images are scenes of violence and poverty in the South. In one, a figure in red huddles near a noose hanging from a tree limb. In another, bare-chested children haul woven baskets of cotton. But Dickerman says panels about life outside of the South don't show a promised land either.
DICKERMAN: It isn't a utopian image. He also addresses the kinds of racism and disappointments that migrants found when they actually got to the North.
WANG: Like the white-led race riots in the black neighborhoods of East St. Louis, Chicago and other cities as the migrants began to arrive, the cramped quarters in urban tenement houses and the disdain some Northern blacks had for newcomers from the South. For Shirley Young of Brooklyn, who recently saw the Migration show, Jacob Lawrence's paintings are a reflection of life.
SHIRLEY YOUNG: He drew it, but I lived through it because I'm 80 years old, and I remember all of the hard times, oppressions, getting in line, all that kind of stuff.
WANG: Young was born in Baton Rouge, La., and eventually moved to New York, where she's lived for more than half a century. She says some things, like racial tensions and economic inequality, haven't changed.
YOUNG: You have people without jobs. Whatever you had to do back then, you're doing the same thing now in 2015. So it's like history repeating itself.
WANG: Depicting history was not what Jacob Lawrence had in mind when he made these paintings. Instead, he was trying to capture an epic drama taking place before his eyes.
(SOUNDBITE OF DOCUMENTARY, "JACOB LAWRENCE AND THE MAKING OF THE MIGRATION SERIES")
LAWRENCE: If it was a portrait, it was a portion of myself, a portrait of my family, a portrait of my peers.
WANG: And a portrait of American life. Hansi Lo Wang, NPR News, New York. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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