(Update: Since this story aired, some theaters announced they will now show The Interview on Christmas.)
Sony had canceled the Christmas Day release of The Interview, a comedy that depicts the assassination of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. The cancellation was announced after hackers broke into Sony Pictures Entertainment's computer systems. They threatened a Sept. 11-style attack if the comedy was shown in theaters. Major theater chain owners then pulled the film. But as Sony Pictures Entertainment CEO Michael Lynton told NPR, "Political satire has a long tradition in film." And, in fact, satires about despots and tyrants go way back.
In 1918, Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and starred in a World War I comedy lampooning Germany's Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II; Shoulder Arms was released just after Armistice Day. Decades later, on the eve of World War II, Chaplin made an even more ambitious film — his first "talkie" — about Adolph Hitler. In The Great Dictator, Chaplin parodies Hitler as a ruthless dictator named Adenoid Hynkel.
"He plays Hynkel as an egomaniacal buffoon who seeks world domination," says reviewer and film historian Leonard Maltin. "And in a very famous scene [he] toys with the giant globe of the world that's a balloon."
The Great Dictator was a box office success. "It may well have been cathartic for people to go to the movies and be able to laugh at your enemy," Maltin says. "Laugh in his face, as it were."
By some accounts, Chaplin was already on a Nazi extermination list, though Hitler was a great admirer of Chaplin and is said to have watched the movie — and wept.
But Chaplin wasn't the first to lampoon the Führer; several months before The Great Dictator, the Three Stooges made fun of him in their comedy short You Nazty Spy!
"This is broad burlesque fun of Hitler," Maltin says. "This is not deep, searching satire. It's parody, but again it's saying to the American public: This dictator is a fool not to be taken seriously."
Donald Duck also lampoons Hitler's Nazi regime in the 1943 cartoon Der Fuehrer's Face, which features a title song recorded by Spike Jones. And in 1945, Bugs Bunny plays both Hitler and Russia's Joseph Stalin in the cartoon Herr Meets Hare.
Hollywood made many anti-Hitler propaganda films while the country was actively at war, says Maltin. "There was no fear of reprisals; we were already in combat, so you could say pretty safely there was no risk," Maltin explains. "You're gonna antagonize them more?"
Decades after the war, Mel Brooks made merciless fun of Hitler onstage and onscreen with his hit The Producers. But Brooks recently told late-night host Jimmy Kimmel that there was a big difference between The Producers and the new film The Interview: "I waited till Hitler was dead!" Brooks exclaimed.
Over the years, depicting dictators and dictatorships has proven to be an Oscar-winning formula for filmmakers. In his 2006 film Pan's Labyrinth, Guillermo del Toro explores life under Spain's fascist ruler Francisco Franco.
The same year, Forest Whitaker portrayed Ugandan leader Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland. But again, Maltin notes, these movies were made after the fact. "The rarity is to have the nerve to step up and do this while those dictators are still in power," Maltin says.
In 1993, Iraq's Saddam Hussein got his turn on the big screen in the Rambo parody Hot Shots! Part Deux. And, perhaps most relevant to today's news, Team America: World Police took on Kim Jong Il while he was ruling North Korea. The all-marionette comedy portrays the Supreme Leader as a lonely puppet — he ends up getting impaled.
Team America writer Matt Stone told Fresh Air in 2004 that he and director Trey Parker — they're the duo behind TV's South Park — were inspired by the old World War II Bugs Bunny cartoons.
"Making fun of Hitler was psychologically empowering," Stone says. "You know, and this was like Bugs Bunny putting on a little helmet and pretending to be a World War I soldier. To, you know, take Hitler and make him into a cartoon character and hit him over the head with a hammer — that's what we try to do with terrorism and with Kim Jong Il in this movie."
And that brings us up to The Interview — in which current North Korean leader Kim Jong Un's head is exploded. Before the movie was canceled, star and director Seth Rogen nervously talked to TV's Stephen Colbert. Colbert asked if Rogen had considered changing the name of the North Korean leader in the film, "like calling him Phil Jong Un."
"Yes, we did," Rogen answered. "And then we thought, like, whose feelings are we trying to spare by doing that — Kim Jong Un?"
Sony says it's looking for other platforms for releasing The Interview. But if history is any indication, audiences might only be able to see Kim Jong Un killed onscreen long after he's out of power.
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Transcript
DAVID GREENE, HOST:
Now the movie that apparently inspired this cyberattack is "The Interview," which parodies a dictator - certainly not the first time that's happened in Hollywood. Sony's CEO Michael Lynton underscored that when he spoke to NPR.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED BROADCAST)
MICHAEL LYNTON: Political satire has a long tradition in film. And we saw it in that vein.
GREENE: That tradition, as NPR's Mandalit Del Barco reports, goes way back.
MANDALIT DEL BARCO, BYLINE: In 1918, Charlie Chaplin wrote, directed and starred in "Shoulder Arms." The World War I comedy lampoons Germany's Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II. It was released just after Armistice Day. Decades later, during World War II in 1940, Chaplin made an even more ambitious film, his first talkie about Adolf Hitler.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "THE GREAT DICTATOR")
CHARLIE CHAPLIN: (As Adenoid Hynkel) (Speaking German).
DEL BARCO: In "The Great Dictator," Chaplin parodies Hitler as a ruthless dictator named Adenoid Hynkel.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "THE GREAT DICTATOR")
CHAPLIN: (As Adenoid Hynkel) (Speaking German).
LEONARD MALTIN: He plays Hynkel as an egomaniacal buffoon who seeks world domination and in a very famous scene toys with a giant globe of the world that's a balloon.
DEL BARCO: Movie reviewer and film historian Leonard Maltin says "The Great Dictator" was a box office success.
MALTIN: It may well have been cathartic for people to go to the movies and be able to laugh at your enemy - laugh in his face as it were.
DEL BARCO: By some accounts, Chaplin was already on a Nazi extermination list, though Hitler was a great admirer of Chaplin's and is said to have watched the movie and wept. But Charlie Chaplin wasn't the first to lampoon the Fuhrer. Several months before "The Great Dictator," the Three Stooges made fun of him in their comedy short "You Nazty Spy."
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "YOU NAZTY SPY")
UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #1: (As character) Why you...
UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #2: (As character) See this?
MALTIN: This is broad, burlesque fun of Hitler. This is not deep, searching satire. It's parody, but again it's saying to the American public, this dictator is a fool and not to be taken seriously.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "DONALD DUCK, DER FUEHRER'S FACE")
CLARENCE NASH: (As Donald Duck) Heil Hitler.
DEL BARCO: Donald Duck also lampoons Hitler's Nazi regime in the 1943 cartoon "Der Fuehrer's Face." And in 1945, Bugs Bunny plays both Hitler and Russia's Joseph Stalin and the cartoon "Herr Meets Hare." Hollywood made many anti-Hitler propaganda films while the country was actively at war, says Maltin.
MALTIN: There was no fear of reprisals. We were already in combat. So you could say pretty safely there was no risk. What? You're going to antagonize them more?
DEL BARCO: Decades after the war, Mel Brooks made merciless fun of Hitler on stage and on screen with his hit "The Producers."
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "THE PRODUCERS")
UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #3: (As character) (Singing) Heil myself, raise your hand. There's no greater dictator in the land.
DEL BARCO: Last week, Brooks told late-night TV host Jimmy Kimmel there was a big difference between "The Producers" and the new film "The Interview."
(SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "JIMMY KIMMEL LIVE!")
MEL BROOKS: I waited till Hitler was dead.
JIMMY KIMMEL: Yeah.
DEL BARCO: Leonard Maltin notes there have been many movies done after the fact.
MALTIN: The rarity is to have the nerve to step up and do this while those dictators are still in power.
DEL BARCO: In 1993, Iraq's Saddam Hussein got his turn on the big screen in the Rambo parody "Hot Shots! Part Deux." And perhaps most relevant to today's news, "Team America: World Police" took on Kim Jong Il while he was ruling North Korea. The all-marionette comedy portrays the supreme leader as a lonely puppet.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "TEAM AMERICA: WORLD POLICE")
TREY PARKER: (As Kim Jong Il) (Singing) I'm so lonely, so lonely, so lonely and sadly alone.
DEL BARCO: He ends up getting impaled. "Team America" co-writer Matt Stone spoke to Fresh Air in 2004. He said that he and co-writer and director Trey Parker were inspired by the old World War II Bugs Bunny cartoons.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED BROADCAST)
MATT STONE: Making fun of Hitler was psychologically empowering. You know, and this was, like, Bugs Bunny putting on a little helmet and pretending to be a World War II soldier to, you know, take Hitler and make him into a cartoon character and hit him over the head with a hammer. That's what we tried to do with terrorism and with Kim Jong Il in this movie.
DEL BARCO: That brings us up to "The Interview" in which current North Korean leader Kim Jung Un's head is exploded. Before the movie was canceled last week, star and director Seth Rogen talked to TV's Stephen Colbert.
(SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "THE COLBERT REPORT")
STEPHEN COLBERT: Did you think about changing his name at all? Like calling him, like, you know, Phil Jung Un?
(LAUGHTER)
SETH ROGEN: We actually did, yes. We did, and then we thought, like, whose feelings are we trying to spare by doing that?
COLBERT: Right.
ROGEN: Kim Jung Un? (Laughter).
DEL BARCO: Sony says its looking for other platforms to release "The Interview," but if history is any indication, audiences might only be able to see Kim Jung Un killed on-screen only long after he's out of power. Mandalit Del Barco, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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