Scientists Coax Human Embryonic Stem Cells Into Making Insulin
Insulin is produced by the green cells that are in clusters about the same size as the islets in the human pancreas. The red cells are producing another metabolic hormone, glucagon, that prevents low blood sugar.
A team of Harvard scientists said Thursday that they had finally found a way to turn human embryonic stem cells into cells that produce insulin. The long-sought advance could eventually lead to new ways to help millions of people with diabetes.
Right now, many people with diabetes have to regularly check the level of sugar in their blood and inject themselves with insulin to keep the sugar in their blood in check. It's an imperfect treatment.
"This is kind of a life-support for diabetics," says Doug Melton, a stem-cell researcher at Harvard Medical School. "It doesn't cure the disease and leads to devastating complications of the disease."
People with poorly controlled diabetes can suffer complications such as blindness, amputations and heart attacks.
Researchers have had some success transplanting insulin-producing cells from cadavers into people with diabetes. But it's been difficult to procure enough cells to treat large numbers of patients. So scientists have been trying to figure out how they could get more cells more easily.
For Melton, who led the work at Harvard, this has been a personal quest. His son, Sam, was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes when he was 6 months old, and his daughter, Emma, was diagnosed with the disease when she was 14.
"I do what any parent would do, which is to say, 'I'm not going to put up with this, and I want to find a better way,' " he says.
And now Melton and his colleagues are reporting in a paper being published in this week's issue of the journal Cell that they think they have finally found that better way.
"We are reporting the ability to make hundreds of millions of cells — the cell that can read the amount of sugar in the blood which appears following a meal and then squirts out or secretes just the right amount of insulin," Melton says.
The advance came after laboring for more than 15 years to find a way to turn human embryonic stem cells into so-called beta cells in the pancreas that make insulin.
Dozens of scientists spent years analyzing the cells' genes and experimenting with different combinations of chemical signals to try to coax the cells into becoming beta cells. Finally, they came up with a recipe that appears to work, Melton says.
"A short way of saying this might be like if you were going to make a very fancy kind of new cake — like a raspberry chocolate cake with vanilla frosting or something," Melton says. "You pretty much know all the components you have to add. But it's the way you add them and the order and the timing, how long you cook it, etc. The solution to that just took a very long time."
And when Melton and his colleagues transplanted the cells into mice with diabetes, the results were clear — and fast.
"We can cure their diabetes right away — in less than 10 days," he says. "This finding provides a kind of unprecedented cell source that could be used for cell transplantation therapy in diabetes."
Other scientists hailed the research as a major step forward.
"It's a huge landmark paper. I would say it's bigger than the discovery of insulin," says Jose Olberholzer, a professor of bioengineering at the University of Illinois. "The discovery of insulin was important and certainly saved millions of people, but it just allowed patients to survive but not really to have a normal life. The finding of Doug Melton would really allow to offer them really something what I would call a functional cure. You know, they really wouldn't feel anymore being diabetic if they got a transplant with those kind of cells."
Melton and others caution that there's still a lot more work to do. For one thing, they need to come up with a way to hide the cells from the immune system, especially for people with Type 1 diabetes. But they're working on that and have developed a shell to protect the cells.
"We're thinking about it as sort of like a teabag, where the tea stays inside, and the water goes in and then the dissolved tea comes out," Melton says. "And so, if you think about a teabag analogy, we would put our cells inside this teabag."
But that's not the only problem. Some people have moral objections to anything that involves human embryonic stem cell research because it destroys human embryos.
"If, like me, someone considers the human embryo to be imbued with the same sorts of dignity that the rest of us have, then in fact this is morally problematic," says Daniel Sulmasy, a doctor and bioethicist at the University of Chicago. "It's the destruction of an individual unique human life for the sole purpose of helping other persons."
Melton thinks he can also make insulin cells using another kind of stem cell known as an induced pluripotent stem cell, which doesn't destroy any embryos. He's trying to figure out if it works as well, and hopes to start testing his insulin cells in people with diabetes within three years.
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Transcript
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
We're going to turn now to health news of an advance that could eventually lead to a cure for diabetes. Before the discovery of insulin in the 1920s, diabetes was a feared disease that often led to a rapid death. Today, insulin injections to control blood sugar levels are a mainstay of therapy for Type 1 diabetes. They're also used by many with the Type 2 form of the disease.
But insulin injections aren't a cure. People can still suffer complications, including heart attacks and blindness. NPR's Rob Stein reports on work by scientists at Harvard that could someday eliminate the need for injections.
ROB STEIN, BYLINE: For Harvard cell biologist Doug Melton, the search for something better than insulin shots for diabetes has been a very personal quest.
DOUG MELTON: My six-month-old son Sam came down with diabetes some 20 years ago. And some years later, my 14-year-old daughter Emma also came down with Type 1 diabetes. Since that time, I don't know how to say it except that I'd do what any parent would do, is to say that I'm not going to put up with this. And I want to find a better way.
STEIN: Now, Melton and his colleagues are reporting in the journal Cell that they finally found that better way. They figured out how to mass-produce the kind of cells that naturally produce insulin in the body - cells that could be transplanted into patients so their bodies could control their blood sugar normally.
MELTON: We are reporting the ability to make hundreds of millions of cells - the cell that can read the amount of sugar in the blood which appears following a meal and then squirt out or secrete just the right amount of insulin.
STEIN: They did this using human embryonic stem cells. They can be turned into almost any kind of cell in the body. But for 15 years the researchers tried and failed and tried and failed to find just the right mix of chemical signals that would coax human embryonic stem cells into becoming insulin cells. Finally, they came up with a recipe that works.
MELTON: A short way of saying this might be like if you were going to make a very fancy kind of new cake - like I do know, a raspberry chocolate cake with vanilla frosting or something. You pretty much know all the components you have to add. But it's the way you add them and the order and the timing, how long you cook it, et cetera. The solution to that just took a very long time.
STEIN: And when Melton and his colleagues transplanted the cells into mice with diabetes, the results were clear and fast.
MELTON: We can cure their diabetes right away in less than 10 days. This finding provides the kind of unprecedented cell source that could be used for cell transplantation therapy in diabetes.
STEIN: Other scientists are hailing the research as a big advance.
MELTON: Well, it's a huge landmark paper. I would say it's bigger than the discovery of insulin.
STEIN: Jose Olberholzer is a professor of bioengineering at the University of Illinois.
JOSE OLBERHOLZER: The discovery of insulin is important and certainly saved millions of people. But it just allowed patients to survive but not really to have a normal life. The finding of Doug Melton would really allow to offer them really something that I would call a functional cure, you know. They wouldn't really feel any more being diabetic if they got a transplant of these kinds of cell.
STEIN: Now, Melton and others caution there's still a lot more work to do before they're ready to try this in people with diabetes. For one thing, they need to come up with a way to hide the cells from the immune system, especially for people with Type 1 diabetes, so the immune system doesn't attack and destroy the cell. Melton and his colleagues are working on that. And they think they may have come up with a solution - a kind of protective shell.
MELTON: We're thinking about it as sort of like a teabag were the tea stays inside, the water goes and then the dissolved tea comes out.
STEIN: And so if you think about a teabag analogy, we would put ourselves inside this teabag.
STEIN: But that's not the only problem. Some people have moral objections to anything that involves human embryonic stem cell research because it destroys human embryos. Daniel Sulmasy, a doctor and bioethicist at the University of Chicago shares that view.
DANIEL SULMASY: If, like me, someone considers the human embryo to be imbued with the same sorts of dignity that the rest of us have, then in fact this is morally problematic. It's the destruction of an individual unique human life for the sole purpose of helping other persons.
STEIN: Melton says he's also found a way to use another kind of stem cell - cells that don't destroy any embryos. He's trying to figure out if they work as well and hopes to start testing his insulin cells in people with diabetes within three years. Rob Stein, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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