California is getting some much needed rain this week, but more than two-thirds of the state is still in extreme drought conditions, and that has the state thinking about alternative ways of getting water.
On the coast in Carlsbad, Calif., construction workers are building what will be the largest seawater desalination plant in the Western Hemisphere. When finished in early 2016, it is expected to provide up to 50 million gallons of fresh drinkable water every day.
"That's enough water for 112,000 households here in the region," says Peter MacLaggan with Poseidon Resources, the developer of this $1 billion plant.
The process, MacLaggan explains, involves taking water from the Pacific Ocean, removing the silt, sand and "organics," then pressurizing the water through very fine membranes. The technical name is reverse osmosis. And the result? "Every 2 gallons of seawater that goes in, 1 gallon of high-quality drinking water comes out," he says.
And MacLaggan says the best part is it's droughtproof.
"It's droughtproof because it's not dependent on snowpack in the Sierras, it's not dependent on rainfall here in San Diego," he says. "You're getting water from the Pacific Ocean."
The word "droughtproof" carries a lot of weight in California. That snowpack in the Sierra Nevada he's talking about is still less than half of what it should be for this time of year. Farmers, environmentalists and cities like nearby San Diego have been fighting over what little water there is.
"San Diego currently imports about 70 percent of its water," says Bob Yamada, the water resources manager at the San Diego County Water Authority.
Yamada says that's why the authority has agreed to buy water from the Carlsbad plant when it's finished — even though it costs twice as much as the water imported from Northern California and the Colorado River.
It's expensive "but it does provide you with the highest reliability," Yamada says. And he says people are willing to pay more for reliability. He also thinks that the difference in price between imported water and desalinated will shrink as more and more people vie for less and less water from rainfall and snowpack.
Desalination costs more because it takes a lot of energy to suck 100 million gallons of ocean water into a plant and pressurize it through little tubes. And that's where the opposition comes in.
"Well, on a macro level, we just think that there are less expensive, less environmentally damaging ways to increase our water supply," says Rick Wilson with Surfrider Foundation. The nonprofit environmental group opposes the Carlsbad project.
One reason, Wilson says, is that all of that energy use will contribute to global warming. More directly, he says, the intake pipe for the plant will suck in sea life, killing marine animals.
"And there's also the concern in some cases about the discharge from these plants," he says. Discharge is the extra salty leftover water that's pumped back into the ocean.
Those concerns have stalled plans for another desalination site farther up the coast, in Huntington Beach. Carlsbad though, has met all of the state's requirements. Still, Wilson says, money would be better spent on conservation and water recycling efforts.
Jeffrey Kightlinger, the general manager of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, says the district has invested in conservation and recycling, and it has helped, but the region still needs more water to meet demand. That's always been the case in arid California, but it's even more so now.
"There are two things that are changing the landscape for us," he says. "One is we've grown a lot. We're doing water for nearly 40 million people statewide. The second thing that really changed is climate change. It's real. And it's stressing our system in new ways."
Kightlinger says that means Californians have less time and flexibility to debate different ways of getting water, storing it and moving it to areas where it's needed.
"We don't have time to rehash the same debates over and over and over again. We're going to have to start investing in things for the future," Kightlinger says.
He says desalination helps, but it's not a cure-all. It's expensive, it does take a lot of energy and it can treat only so much water at a time.
His agency gets about 30 percent of its water from Northern California through the State Water Project. "To replace that supply would require a Carlsbad plant every 4 miles between LA and San Diego," he says.
That would be 25 plants in that stretch. Statewide, 17 desalination plants are in some stage of planning on the California coast.
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Transcript
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Audie Cornish.
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
And I'm Melissa Block. California is getting some much needed rain this week. Some parts of the state are expecting more rainfall in a couple of days than they've had in the past couple of years. Still, forecasters say it won't be nearly enough to end California's long-running drought. More than two-thirds of the state remains in extreme drought conditions. As NPR's Nathan Rott reports, that has Californians thinking about alternative ways of getting water.
NATHAN ROTT, BYLINE: This is what you wish every roadside construction site looked like. There are a couple hundred workers pounding fence posts, welding rebar and jack hammering away in the cool sea air. It's a hive of activity here in Carlsbad on the California coast, all for this: water, sea water.
Peter MacLaggan is with Poseidon Resources, the developer of this $1 billion site. He says that soon the seawater surging through this pipe 100 million gallons of it a day is going to be treated through a process called desalination.
PETER MACLAGGAN: Desalination, taking water from the Pacific Ocean, the largest reservoir in the world, remove all the silt, the sand, the organics and then you pressurize the water and send it through very fine membranes.
ROTT: And the result...
MACLAGGAN: Every two gallons of sea water that goes in, one gallon of high quality of drinking water comes out.
ROTT: When finished in early 2016, this will be the largest sea water desalination plant in the Western Hemisphere, providing up to 50 million gallons of that fresh drinkable water every day.
MACLAGGAN: That's enough water for 112,000 households here in the region.
ROTT: And MacLaggan says, the best part is...
MACLAGGAN: It's drought proof. It's drought proof because it's not dependant on snow pack in the Sierras. It's not dependent on rainfall here in San Diego. You're getting water from the Pacific Ocean.
ROTT: The words drought proof carry a lot of weight in California. That snow pack in the Sierra Nevada he's talking about is still less than half of what it should be for this time of year. What little water there is is being fought over by farmers, environmentalists and cities, like nearby San Diego, which depends on it.
BOB YAMADA: San Diego currently imports about 70 percent of its water.
ROTT: Bob Yamada is a water resources manager at the San Diego County Water Authority. He says that's why they've agreed to buy water from the Carlsbad plant when it's finished, even though it costs twice as much as that imported water from northern California and the Colorado River. Expensive...
YAMADA: But it does provide you with the highest reliability.
ROTT: And Yamada says, people are willing to pay more for reliability. Desalination costs more because it takes a lot of energy to suck 100 million gallons of ocean water into a plant and pressurize it through little tubes. And that's where the opposition comes in.
RICK WILSON: Well, on a macro level, we just think that there are less expensive, less environmentally damaging ways to increase our water supply.
ROTT: Rick Wilson is with Surfrider Foundation, a nonprofit environmental group that's opposed to Carlsbad Project every step of the way. One reason, he says, is that all of the energy used will contribute to global warming. More directly, the intake pipe for the plant, he says, will suck in sea life, killing marine animals.
WILSON: And there's also a concern in some cases about the discharge from these plants.
ROTT: The extra salty leftover water that's pumped back into the ocean. Carlsbad has met all of the state's requirements. Still, Wilson says, money would be better spent on conservation and water recycling efforts. Jeffrey Kightlinger is the general manager of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. They're the main water authority for about half of California's population. He says that they have invested in conservation and recycling and it has helped, but they still need more water to meet growing demand.
JEFFREY KIGHTLINGER: And we don't have time to rehash the same debates over and over and over again. We're going to have to start investing in some things for the future.
ROTT: Kightlinger says desalination helps, but it's not a cure-all. His agency gets about 30 percent of its water from Northern California.
KIGHTLINGER: To replace that supply would require a Carlsbad plant every four miles between L.A. and San Diego.
ROTT: That would be 25 plants in that little stretch. Statewide, there are only 17 desalination plants that are in some stage of planning on the California coast. Nathan Rott, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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