Movies about the Civil War are almost always problematic. They're long and boring, or they're slanted, or they leave out a huge part of the story. A new movie about the Battle of New Market in 1864 has its own set of problems.
Field of Lost Shoes begins with a slave auction where a young white boy watches as an African-American mother is sold away from her children. Then the movie jumps ahead to Virginia Military Institute, six years later.
In real life, VMI cadets were brought in to support Confederate soldiers in New Market. There were many casualties, but the cadets' actions are said to have helped turn the battle into a Confederate victory, albeit a small one, says Tom Farrell, the movie's producer and co-writer. "These young men, who were called up under extraordinary circumstances, never expected to actually be engaged, and came through with great valor," says Farrell.
During the Civil War, VMI was important to the Confederate cause, training generals and officers to defend the slave-holding south. But in the movie, some of the young cadets express doubts about why they're fighting. One cadet tells his fellow soldiers, "We should not be fighting to keep people in chains." The cadets defend VMI's African-American cook – a slave – from being hanged. The cadets stop marching to New Market to rescue a slave trapped under a carriage.
While Tom Farrell says everything in the movie is based on letters and diaries, one historian believes Field of Lost Shoes is engaged in some revisionist history. Hari Jones, a former Marine and the curator at the African-American Civil War Museum in Washington, D.C. calls it a "neo-Lost Cause film, really trying to redeem those who supported secession. And — though they admit, and this is why it's neo — they admit that slavery is the issue early on in it, but then it gets into 'Well, it's really just defending our home from invading forces,'" says Jones.
Field of Lost Shoes is certainly not the first movie to distort history.
The original Lost Cause Civil War film was the silent epic Birth Of A Nation from 1915. Considered a great cinematic achievement for, among other things, its sweeping battle scenes, Birth Of A Nation also depicts African-Americans as savages who are brought to justice after the war by a heroic Ku Klux Klan.
Robert Eberwein, author of The War on Film, says, "From a film historian's perspective, it's an extraordinary achievement for 1915, even as it induces nausea for the way in which the African-Americans are treated." Despite protests from civil rights organizations, Birth Of A Nation was a box office hit. Many credit the film with a resurgence of the KKK.
Whether it's Birth Of A Nation, Gone With the Wind, or The Red Badge of Courage, Hari Jones says most of the major movies made about the Civil War missed a huge part of the story. "The African-American story simply wasn't being told," says Jones. That changed in 1989 with Glory, starring Denzel Washington, Matthew Broderick and Morgan Freeman. It tells the story of the 54th Massachusetts, an all-black regiment that fought with the Union Army. The movie was directed by Edward Zwick.
"What I came to understand is that this had been, in its day, one of the most famous stories in American history. And its presence had been lost in time," says Zwick. The 54th Massachusetts held back Confederates at James Island in South Carolina and fought at the Battle of Fort Wagner, where many of them were killed.
Glory won three Oscars, including best supporting actor for Denzel Washington. But there was also criticism that the story was largely told from a white man's point of view. The movie centers around the 54th's white commander, Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. Hari Jones disagrees with the film's depiction of the African-American soldiers in the 54th as runaway slaves who had no military training: "Most of the soldiers were well-trained, and Robert Gould Shaw writes that. Yet, in the movie, they bring in an Irish drill sergeant to teach them how to drill."
Glory was, however, a breakthrough, says Jones. "The importance of Glory is the advertisement that brings us to the question of African-American service during the Civil War," he says. It's a question he says even the large, academic, research institutions haven't fully explored.
But compelling true stories are out there. Take Abraham Galloway, who escaped slavery and then became a Union spy. "Galloway is like the super-secret agent who travels from North Carolina to the Mississippi River Valley, gets captured by the Confederates, escapes, takes on two, three men at one time. He's that kind of a guy, but he's almost unbelievable because he's been left out of the narrative for so long," says Jones.
One movie that Hari Jones says has helped him teach Galloway's story is Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained, a pre-Civil War, spaghetti western where the hero is a freed slave who gets bloody revenge on white slave owners. After Django's release, Hari Jones was at a middle school talking about Abraham Galloway. As he remembers the story, "One of the students yelled from the audience 'Yes, Django!' So, in his mind, now he had an image of an African-American who could perform in such a way."
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Transcript
ARI SHAPIRO, HOST:
Movies about the Civil War are almost always problematic. Either they're long and boring or an exercise in revisionist history or they leave out a huge part of the story. And a recent movie in theaters now has its own set of problems. The Civil War is just not an easy story to tell in a feature film, as NPR's Elizabeth Blair reports.
ELIZABETH BLAIR, BYLINE: The latest movie about the Civil War, "Field Of Lost Shoes," begins with a slave auction.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "FIELD OF LOST SHOES")
UNIDENTIFIED MAN #1: (As character) We got all kinds - old ones, young ones, men and women, gals and boys.
BLAIR: A young white boy watches as an African-American mother is sold away from her children.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "FIELD OF LOST SHOES")
UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #1: ((As character, crying) No.
BLAIR: Then the movie veers off to six years later at the Virginia Military Institute. In real life, VMI cadets were brought in to support Confederate soldiers in New Market.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "FIELD OF LOST SHOES")
UNIDENTIFIED MAN #2: (As character) All cadets will appear with canteen, blanket and weapon.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN #3: (As character) At 8 o'clock tomorrow morning, prepare to March.
BLAIR: There were many casualties among the cadets, but their actions are said to have helped turn the battle into a Confederate victory, albeit a small one. Tom Farrell is the movie's producer and co-writer.
TOM FARRELL: These young men who were called up under extraordinary circumstances never expected to actually be engaged and came through with great valor.
BLAIR: During the Civil War, VMI was important to the Confederate cause, training generals and officers to defend the slaveholding south. Yet in the movie, some of the young cadets expressed doubts about why they're fighting.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "FIELD OF LOST SHOES")
UNIDENTIFIED MAN #4: (As character) We should not be fighting to keep people in chains.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN #5: (As character) Will you or will you not defend Virginia?
UNIDENTIFIED MAN #4: (As character) I will defend my family.
BLAIR: There is some revisionist history going on here, says Hari Jones, a former Marine and the curator of the African-American Civil War museum in Washington, D.C.
HARI JONES: In some ways I would term the film as a neo-lost cause film - really trying to redeem those who supported succession. And though they admit - and this is why it's neo - they admit that slavery is the issue early on in it, but then it gets into, well, it's really just defending our home from invading forces.
BLAIR: The original lost cause Civil War movie was the silent epic "Birth Of A Nation" from 1915.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "BIRTH OF A NATION")
BLAIR: The film is considered a great cinematic achievement for, among other things, its sweeping battle scenes. But in the story, African-Americans are depicted as savages brought to justice after the war by a heroic Ku Klux Klan. Robert Eberwein is the author of "The War On Film."
ROBERT EBERWEIN: From a film historian prospective, it's a extraordinary achievement for 1915 even as it induces nausea from the way in which the African-Americans are treated.
BLAIR: Despite protests from civil rights organizations, "Birth Of A Nation" was a box office hit. Many credit the film with a resurgence of the KKK. Whether it's "Birth Of A Nation," "Gone With The Wind" or "The Red Badge Of Courage," Hari Jones says most of the major movies made about the Civil War missed a huge part of the story.
JONES: The African-American story simply wasn't being told.
BLAIR: Until 1989.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "GLORY")
MORGAN FREEMAN: (As John Rawlins) Go tell your folks how kingdom come in the year of jubilee.
BLAIR: "Glory" starring Morgan Freeman, Matthew Broderick and Denzel Washington tells the story of the 54th Massachusetts, an all-black regiment that fought with the Union Army. It was directed by Edward Zwick.
EDWARD ZWICK: What I came to understand is that this had been, in its day, one of the most famous stories in American history. And its presence had been lost in time.
BLAIR: The 54th Massachusetts held back confederates at James Island in South Carolina and fought at the Battle of Fort Wagner, where many of them killed. Glory won three Oscars, including Best Supporting Actor for Denzel Washington. But there was also criticism - that the story was largely told from a white man's point of view. The movie centers around the 54th's white commander, Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. The other criticism is that it depicted the African-American soldiers in the 54th as runaway slaves who had no military training - not so says Hari Jones.
JONES: Most of the soldiers were well-trained, and Robert Gould Shaw writes that. Yet in the movie, they bring in an Irish drill sergeant to teach them how to drill.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "GLORY")
JOHN FINN: (As Sgt. Maj. Mulcahy) For God's sakes, man, you march like a bunch of crippled old goats. We're going to be here day and night until we get this right.
BLAIR: But "Glory" was a breakthrough says Jones.
JONES: The importance of "Glory" is the advertisement that brings us to the question of African-American service during the Civil War.
BLAIR: A question, Hari Jones says, even the large academic institutions haven't fully explored. But compelling, true stories are out there, he says. Take the real-life Abraham Galloway, who escaped slavery and then became a union spy.
JONES: Galloway is like the super secret agent who travels from North Carolina to the Mississippi River Valley, gets captured by the confederates, escapes, takes on two or three men at one time. He's that kind of a guy. But he's almost unbelievable 'cause he's been left out of the narrative for so long.
BLAIR: One movie that Hari Jones says has helped him teach Galloway's story is Quentin Tarantino's "Django Unchained," a pre-Civil War western where the hero is a freed slaves who gets bloody revenge on white slave owners.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "DJANGO UNCHAINED")
JAMIE FOXX: (As Django) Last time I saw you, you had your hands on my (gunshot).
BLAIR: After "Django Unchained" came out, Hari Jones was at a middle school talking about Abraham Galloway.
JONES: And one of the students yelled from the audience, yes, Django. So in his mind now he had an image of an African-American who could perform in such a way.
BLAIR: Almost 150 years later, it took an audacious spaghetti western to spark an interest in Civil War history that hasn't yet been widely told. Elizabeth Blair, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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