The Time Coca-Cola Got White Elites in Atlanta to Honor Martin Luther King, Jr.
Wal-Mart, Apple, Angie's List, NASCAR — some of the biggest names in business this week pushed back against "religious freedom" laws in Indiana and Arkansas. They said the laws could open the door to discrimination against gays and lesbians and were bad for their business.
Such corporate intervention is not new.
Back in 1964, social conservatives in Atlanta refused to support an integrated dinner honoring Nobel Peace Prize winner Martin Luther King Jr. But then Coca-Cola put its giant corporate foot down, and changed Atlanta's history.
Shortly after King won the Nobel Prize, event invitations went out to Atlanta's elite. Almost no one responded.
A worried Mayor Ivan Allen appealed to the former president of Coca-Cola. Although no longer in charge, Robert Woodruff was arguably the most powerful person in town.
"This was not a liberal, progressive individual," says Rick Allen, author of Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City. "But he was open-minded for his time and he was attuned to what the world thought, not just what Atlanta thought. The mayor told him, 'We have a real problem with this dinner. We're not selling any tickets. It's going to be an embarrassment to Atlanta.' "
Coca-Cola CEO J. Paul Austin, who had seen first-hand how apartheid hurt the economy in South Africa, threatened to take his company out of Atlanta if the city's elite did not honor King for his Nobel Prize.
Coca-Cola was becoming an international company, and Atlanta longed to become an international city. Woodruff was receptive to the mayor's concerns, and asked Coca-Cola CEO J. Paul Austin to intervene.
"J. Paul Austin was from LaGrange, Ga., but he had been in South Africa for the last 14 years before coming back to Coca-Cola," says former U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young, a close friend of King who also attended the dinner. "He had seen what apartheid had done to the South African economy. So he was very strong on Atlanta not giving in to this kind of pettiness and racism."
The New York Times published a front-page story about the tepid response King was getting in his own hometown, and Austin decided to flex Coca-Cola's muscle.
"The phrase that he was quoted as saying was that 'Coca-Cola cannot stay in a city that's going to have this kind of reaction and not honor a Nobel Peace Prize winner,' " Young says.
The ultimatum worked. The event quickly sold out, says Mark Pendergrast, author of Of God, Country and Coca-Cola.
"If Robert Woodruff — who basically could run the town of Atlanta — if he had not let it be known that the white business community was going to honor Martin Luther King at this dinner, I don't think it would've happened," Pendergrast says.
Almost 1,600 people attended the dinner, held at Atlanta's Dinkler Hotel, to honor King and his Peace Prize.
King began his speech, "This marvelous hometown welcome and honor will remain dear to me as long as the chords of memory shall lengthen."
The event proceeded "like there'd never been a problem," Young says, and the audience even stood and sang "We Shall Overcome."
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Transcript
LINDA WERTHEIMER, HOST:
Some of the biggest names in American business this week pushed back against religious freedom laws in Indiana and Arkansas. Companies such as Wal-Mart and Apple said the laws could open the door to discrimination. This kind of corporate intervention is not new. Back in 1964, social conservatives in Atlanta refused to attend an interracial dinner honoring Nobel Peace Prize winner Martin Luther King, Jr. As Jim Burress reports from member station WABE, Coca-Cola put its corporate foot down and changed Atlanta's history.
JIM BURRESS, BYLINE: At the dinner honoring his Nobel Peace Prize, Martin Luther King, Jr. opened his speech at Atlanta's Dinkler Hotel with a nod to the almost 1,600 people in the audience.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR: This marvelous hometown welcome and honor will remain dear to me as long as the cords of memory shall lengthen.
BURRESS: But that hometown welcome almost didn't happen. Shortly after Dr. King won the Nobel Prize, event invitations went out to Atlanta's elite. Almost no one responded. A worried Mayor Ivan Allen appealed to the former head of Coca-Cola. Although no longer in charge, Robert Woodruff was arguably the most powerful person in town.
RICK ALLEN: This was not a liberal, progressive individual...
BURRESS: Rick Allen wrote "Atlanta Rising: The Invention Of An International City."
ALLEN: ...But he was open-minded for his time and he was attuned to what the world thought, not just what Atlanta thought. And the mayor told him, we've got a real problem with this dinner, we're not selling any tickets, it's going to be an embarrassment to Atlanta.
BURRESS: Coca-Cola was becoming an international company. Atlanta longed to become an international city. And that made Robert Woodruff receptive to the mayor's concerns. Woodruff asked Coca-Cola CEO J. Paul Austin to intervene. Former U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young was a close friend of Dr. King at was at the dinner.
ANDREW YOUNG: J. Paul Austin was from LaGrange, Ga., but he been in South Africa for the last 14 years before coming back to Coca-Cola. And he had seen what apartheid done to the South African economy. So he was very strong on Atlanta not giving in to this kind of pettiness and racism.
BURRESS: About that time, The New York Times published a front-page story about the tepid response Dr. King was getting in his hometown. J. Paul Austin decided to flex Coca-Cola's muscle.
YOUNG: The phrase that he was quoted as saying was that Coca-Cola cannot stay in a city that's going to have this kind of reaction and not honor a Nobel Peace Prize winner.
BURRESS: The ultimatum worked. The event quickly sold out, says Mark Pendergrast, author of the book, "Of God, Country and Coca-Cola."
MARK PENDERGRAST: If Robert Woodruff, who basically could run the town of Atlanta, if he had not let it be known that the white business community was going to honor Martin Luther King at this dinner, I don't think it would have happened.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
KING: And so all people of good will are challenged to work passionately and unrelentingly to remove every vestige of segregation and discrimination from our nation's life. We must do this not merely because it is economically and politically sound, but because it is morally compelling.
BURRESS: Ambassador Andrew Young says the climate at the dinner was like there'd never been a problem. The audience even stood and sang "We Shall Overcome." For NPR News, I'm Jim Burress in Atlanta. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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