Who Sang It First? Mockingbirds And Musicians Cover Each Other In New Orleans
In certain New Orleans music scenes, there is a special sound — a signal — that lets players know it's time to pick up their instruments and strike up the band.
"It's a bugle call, or a band call, to assemble," trumpeter Leroy Jones says.
"It's like: C'mon, rally," musician Matt Bell adds. "Come to the bandstand and be ready to do it. Let's go."
The four-note phrase, however, doesn't belong to musicians alone. Another common New Orleans species, the mockingbird, also produces the call.
"So I was lying in bed and I woke up to hear that call, and I heard this [whistle] and my first thought was, 'Somebody's at the door,' " journalist and music lover Katy Rechdahl says. "And then I realized that, no, it wasn't anybody at the door; that it was actually a bird in the tree."
Peter Yaukey, a geography professor at the University of New Orleans and its resident ornithologist, says that may be where musicians got the phrase in the first place.
"That particular whistle sounds very much like the phrases a mockingbird would use," Yaukey says. "It's repetitive. It's got the right pitch. It's got the right amount of substance to the notes."
Sitting at his piano, Jones says this call is more than a perfect bird phrase: It's a perfect musical phrase.
"Whatever pitch you start at, the root note and then the fourth away is the top note that you would whistle or that you would play," Jones says. "In musical terms, it's a perfect fourth, 'cause it's the fourth degree of the scale. 'Do re mi fa, 1, 2, 3, 4.' "
So who is imitating whom? Ornithologist Kim Derrickson, of Loyola University in Baltimore, studies mockingbirds. He says perfect fourths are pleasing to people — and maybe birds, too.
"I think that there are certain sounds that kind of propagate through the environment and sound good," Derrickson says.
Musicians and mockingbirds occupy some of the same environments. They certainly keep the same late-night hours, so it's easy to imagine a player heading home after a gig and hearing those four notes whistled in the trees. Or maybe a mockingbird, perched outside a club, overheard a trumpeter call the band back for one final set. That's how Jones says he thinks it happened.
"They pick up everything — essentially, they mock everything that they hear," Jones says. "We had one that came; I had to put the window down. He was right in the tree. It's not annoying, but at 6 I don't want to hear you singing, whistling, going through a whole cadence of different whistles. And all of a sudden he [whistles the phrase]. Because he's probably heard that — being, you know, in the neighborhood. And he's emulating what he's heard."
Still, Yaukey contends that musicians learned it from the bird.
"The fact that the notes sound so mockingbird-like, to me means that either they learned it from a musician and it spread throughout the species — which seems pretty unlikely," Yaukey says, "or it's more likely that the musician heard it from the bird."
Jones says he doesn't buy that. He says these four notes call musicians to the streets during second-line parades almost every Sunday of the year.
"It pierces through, no matter what, if there's a big ruckus going on," Jones says. "You've got hundreds, multitudes out at the second line, and you can hear [the phrase] above all of that. And you can always tell somebody who lives here or has lived here or is from here, because when they hear that signal, they look. This is something very unique to New Orleans."
Derrickson says that regardless of who came up with the call first, it's been passed from musician to musician and bird to bird.
"Mockingbirds are like musicians," Derrickson says. "They will take a sound and play with it. Especially early in the spring when they're trying to attract a female."
Just like many a young musician with romance on the mind.
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Transcript
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
In New Orleans, among many musicians there's a special sound that lets players know it's time to pick up their instruments and strike up the band. Where did this signal come from? As Eve Abrams reports, it might have its roots in nature.
EVE ABRAMS, BYLINE: When New Orleans musicians want to say a certain thing, instead of words they use a four-note phrase.
(BUGLE)
LEROY JONES: It's a bugle call or a band call to assemble.
MATT BELL: It's like, come on rally, come to the bandstand, be ready to do it. Let's go.
CRAIG KLEIN: It's a secret musician's call. Don't tell anybody I told you that.
WENDELL BRUNIOUS: Either whistle (whistling), or we play that on our horn.
JAMES SINGLETON: Yeah, the call; the call to play.
ABRAMS: Those musicians - Leroy Jones, Matt Bell, Craig Klein, Wendell Brunious and James Singleton - they're talking about a call that doesn't belong to musicians alone.(BIRD CHIRPING)
That's another common New Orleans species - the mockingbird.
KATY RECHDAHL: So I was lying in bed and I woke up to hear that call. I heard this (whistling) and my first thought was, somebody's at the door.
ABRAMS: Journalist and music-lover Katy Rechdahl.
RECHDAHL: And then I realized that no, it wasn't anybody at the door, that it was actually a bird in the tree.
(BIRD CHIRPING)
PETER YAUKEY: When I hear that four-note whistle, it sounds like a mockingbird to me, very much. My name is Peter Yaukey and I'm a professor at the University of New Orleans in the department of geography and I also am the campus ornithologist. I study birds.
ABRAMS: And that's where Yaukey thinks musicians got the phrase.
YAUKEY: That particular whistle sounds very much like the phrases a mockingbird would use. It's repetitive, it's got the right pitch. It's got the right amount of substance to the notes and they acquire more and more phrases during their lifetime by imitating things.
ABRAMS: Sitting at his piano, Leroy Jones says this call is more than a perfect bird phrase, it's a perfect musical phrase.
JONES: Whatever pitch you start at, the root note and in a fourth away is the top note that you would whistle or that you would play and in musical terms, it's a perfect fourth
(playing notes on piano) because it's the fourth degree of the scale. (Playing notes on piano) Do, re, me, fa - it's just a portion of a scale.
ABRAMS: So who is imitating whom? Ornithologist Kim Derrickson at Loyola University in Baltimore studies mockingbirds. He says perfect fours sound good to people and maybe birds, too.
KIM DERRICKSON: I think that there are certain sounds that kind of propagate through the environment and sound good.
ABRAMS: Musicians and mockingbirds often occupy the same environment. They certainly keep the same late-night hours so it's easy to imagine a player heading home after a gig and hearing those four notes whistled in the trees. Or, maybe a mockingbird perched outside a club overheard a trumpeter call the band back for one final set. That's how trumpeter Leroy Jones thinks it happened.
JONES: They pick up everything they hear and we have one that comes so early in the morning, I had to put the window down. He was right in the tree. It's not annoying, but I mean, at 6 I don't want to hear you singing and whistling and going through a whole cadence of different whistles. And all the sudden he (imitating bird, whistling) because he's probably heard that, being you know, in the neighborhood.
YAUKEY: I would certainly think it'd be more likely that the musician learned it from the bird.
ABRAMS: Again, Peter Yaukey.
YAUKEY: Because the fact that the notes sounded so mockingbird-like to me means that either they learned it from a musician then it spread throughout the species, which seems pretty unlikely, or it's more likely that the musician heard it from the bird.
ABRAMS: But Leroy Jones doesn't buy that. He says these four notes call musicians to the streets during second line parades almost every Sunday of the year.
JONES: It pierces through no matter what, if there's a big ruckus going on, you know? We got hundreds of multitude of people out at the second line and you hear the (whistling). You can hear that above all of that.
(SOUNDBITE OF TRUMPET MUSIC)
JONES: And you can always tell somebody who lives here or has lived here, or is from here when they hear that signal, they look. This is something very unique to New Orleans.
ABRAMS: Ornithologist Kim Derrickson says regardless of who came up with the call first, it's been passed from musician to musician and bird to bird.
DERRICKSON: Mockingbirds are like musicians, they will take a sound and play with it - especially early in the spring when they're trying to attract a female.
ABRAMS: Just like many a young musician with romance on the mind. For NPR News I'm Eve Abrams in New Orleans. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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