Why Chaucer Said 'Ax' Instead Of 'Ask,' And Why Some Still Do
Zach Galifianakis makes an Ax joke.
YouTubeThe most common stereotype of black vernacular is the pronunciation of the word "ask" as "ax." "Ax" has gotten a bad rap for years. Pronounce "ask" as "ax," and immediately many will assume that you're poor, black and uneducated. New York City's first African-American schools chancellor, Dr. Richard R. Green, put it on his list of "speech demons." He insisted that "ax" be eradicated from students' vocabulary.
Garrard McClendon, a professor at Chicago State University, is the author of Ax or Ask? The African American Guide to Better English. He says his parents were well-aware of the stigma attached to "ax" and taught him there's a time and a place to use it.
"When you're with your little friends, you can speak any way you want to speak, all right? But the minute you get in a spelling bee or in a job interview, switch it up quick," McClendon recalls. "I've taught my children to do that as well."
Sketch comedy duo Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele joke that because they're half-white, they're constantly switching back and forth. "If it happens four times in a sentence," Key says, "[you're] probably going to get two axes, two asks."
Talking over each other, they add:
"But when a cop comes up to you, you definitely use a lot of 'asks.'
"Ask away, officer, ask away!"
Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele talk Ax vs. Ask with NPR's Shereen Marisol Meraji.
"Anything you want to ask me, I'll be happy to answer, officer."
Jesse Sheidlower, the president of the American Dialect Society, says "ax" has been used for a thousand years. "It is not a new thing; it is not a mistake," he says. "It is a regular feature of English."
Sheidlower says you can trace "ax" back to the eighth century. The pronunciation derives from the Old English verb "acsian." Chaucer used "ax." It's in the first complete English translation of the Bible (the Coverdale Bible): " 'Axe and it shall be given.'
"So at that point it wasn't a mark of people who weren't highly educated or people who were in the working class," Stanford University linguist John Rickford says. He says it's hard to pinpoint why "ax" stopped being popular but stayed put in the American South and the Caribbean, where he's originally from. But "over time it became a marker of identity," he says.
Indians in South Africa, black Caribbeans, and African-Americans use "ax." Rickford says it's the empire striking back: taking language that has been imposed and making it your own. He adds that eliminating words like "ax" may help one fare better in a job interview, "but not necessarily fare better in terms of the people you hang out with, or not necessarily fare better in asserting your own identity. You got to remember a lot of these language varieties are learned in people's homes. It's how people's mothers spoke, their fathers spoke, their friends spoke. I don't think any linguist is recommending that you get rid of your vernacular, because you need it — in a sense — for your soul."
Linguistic versatility is ideal, says Rickford, interchanging "ax" and "ask" depending on the setting: code switching. But, he adds, there's nothing technically wrong with saying "ax" — it's just no longer considered mainstream English.
We can anticipate the discussion that will happen in the comments about this piece, so we'll go ahead and share two common perspectives about this linguistic phenomenon. We leave it up to you to decide who makes the better argument.
First, from YouTube user fblairmd66:
And second, from the British actor and writer Stephen Fry:
9(MDE1MTIxMDg0MDE0MDQ3NTY3MzkzMzY1NA001))
Transcript
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
Now a moment from Code Switch, NPR's team exploring race in America. They've been curating a series online that examines words and phrases with a connection to race. And we're going to bring their latest entry to the radio today about the word ask. It's not uncommon to hear that work pronounced ax. To many that's a mispronunciation.
But as NPR's Shereen Marisol Meraji reports, ax is as old as English itself.
SHEREEN MARISOL MERAJI, BYLINE: Ax has gotten a bad rap. If you say ax, it's often assumed you're poor, you're black, you're uneducated. New York City's first African-American schools chancellor put the word on his list of speech demons to be eradicated.
GARRARD MCCLENDON: It's the most noticeable term in African-American-isms.
MERAJI: That's Garrard McClendon, education professor and the author of...
MCCLENDON: "Ax or Ask: The African-American Guide to better English."
MERAJI: McClendon says his parents taught him there's a time and a place to use ax because they were well aware of its stigma.
MCCLENDON: When you're with your little friends, you can speak any way you want to speak, all right? But the minute you get in a spelling bee or in a job interview, switch it up quick. I've taught my children to do that, as well.
KEEGAN-MICHAEL KEY: If it happens four times in a sentence, you're probably going to get to axes, two asks.
MERAJI: Sketch comedy duo Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele, joke that because they're mixed-race they're constantly switching back and forth from ax to ask.
JORDAN PEELE: Yeah, when a cop comes up to you, you definitely use a lot of asks.
KEY: A lot of asks. If you've got four asks in that sentence then, yeah, you're going to get...
PEELE: Ask away, officer, ask away.
KEY: Whatever you want to ask me, I'm more than happy to answer, officer.
PEELE: Mm-hmm, because the only question you wanted to ax us?
JESSE SHEIDLOWER: I'm Jesse Sheidlower. I'm the president of the American Dialect Society. I believe I'm here to talk about the historical pronunciation of ax for ask.
MERAJI: Sheidlower says ax has been used since the 8th Century and derives from the Old English verb acsian.
SHEIDLOWER: The people who use the ax pronunciation are using the pronunciation that has been handed down in an unbroken form for a thousand years. It is not a new thing. It is not a mistake. It is a regular feature of English.
MERAJI: Chaucer used ax. It's in the first complete English translation of the Bible, the Coverdale Bible.
JOHN RICKFORD: Ax and it shall be given. So at that point, it wasn't a mark of people who weren't highly educated or people who were in the working class.
MERAJI: That's Stanford linguist John Rickford. Rickford says it's hard to pinpoint why ax stopped being popular but stayed put in the American South and the Caribbean, where he's originally from.
RICKFORD: Over time, it became a kind of mark of identity.
MERAJI: Indians in South Africa use ax, black Caribbeans use ax, African-Americans use ax. Rickford says it's the empire striking back, taking language that has been imposed and making it your own.
RICKFORD: I don't think any linguist at least is advocating that you get rid of your vernacular because you need it, in a sense, for your soul.
MERAJI: Rickford says there's nothing technically wrong with ax. But he adds linguistic versatility is ideal, interchanging ax and ask depending on the setting, code switching. He says few know about ax's Chaucerian roots so take Key and Peele's advice when getting pulled over.
PEELE: Ask away, officer, ask away.
KEY: Whatever you want to ask me, I'm more than happy to answer, officer.
MERAJI: Shereen Marisol Meraji, NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:
This is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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