For all their talk about evidence-based medicine, a lot of doctors don't follow the clinical guidelines set by leading medical groups.
Consider, for example, the case of cataract surgery. It's a fairly straightforward medical procedure: Doctors replace an eye's cloudy lens with a clear, prosthetic one. More than a million people each year in the U.S. have the surgery — most of them older than 65.
"The procedure itself is relatively painless and quick," says Dr. Catherine Chen, an anesthesiologist and researcher at the University of California, San Francisco. She calls it the "prototypical low-risk surgery."
And since at least 2002, Chen says, clinical guidelines have stipulated that no preoperative testing is needed before cataract surgery. A large study showed that procedures like chest X-rays, blood tests and EKGs — tests sometimes recommended when older people undergo more complicated surgeries — do not benefit someone who is simply having a cataract removed.
But Chen noticed that a lot of patients are having these preoperative tests done anyway. How many? Digging into the numbers, she discovered that half the ophthalmologists who performed cataract surgery on Medicare patients in 2011 ordered unnecessary tests. That's the same percentage as in 1995.
"In about 20 years, nothing has really changed in terms of physician performance," Chen says. She recently published those findings in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Dr. Steven Brown, a professor of family medicine at the University of Arizona, has studied doctors' reasons for ordering unnecessary tests before a scheduled surgery. A lot of it has to do with perceived safety, he says.
"They think, somehow, that this is going to make the patient more likely to do well in surgery," he says. "It's not."
Brown says some doctors don't know the latest guidelines, which is somewhat understandable, since there can be hundreds to follow.
But often, he says, doctors order extra tests because they think someone down the line — another surgeon or anesthesiologist — will require them.
"[It becomes] this game of tag," he says, "where you're doing something because you think somebody else wants it, even if you don't really want it."
So, even in the midst of good science and a clear consensus on what should be done, a lot of physicians don't follow the "best practice" guidelines.
Now, imagine what happens when the science isn't clear.
That was the case Monday, when the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force updated its guidelines for breast cancer screening. After analyzing the best studies, the influential panel now suggests most women get a mammogram every other year, beginning at age 50. Guidance from this task force largely determines which tests will be covered by Medicare, Medicaid and insurance companies.
Meanwhile, the American Cancer Society and the American College of Radiology still recommend annual screening mammograms for women beginning at age 40.
"There's really a lot more ambiguity about what is the right thing — what's appropriate [and] what's not appropriate," says Dr. Albert Wu, an internist and professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
In cases like these, Wu says, doctors are more likely to follow their gut instincts. And when that happens, fear often comes into play.
Imagine, for example, that a healthy, 40-year-old woman walks into your office and asks about a mammogram.
"If that woman were to develop breast cancer or to have breast cancer, you can imagine what might happen to you if you didn't order the test," Wu says. "Maybe you'd get sued."
Doctors often hear stories like this, he says, and that can affect their judgment.
"Emotion and recent events do influence our decision-making," he says. "We are not absolutely rational, decision-making machines."
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Transcript
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
Earlier this week, updated guidelines for breast cancer screening were announced. They rekindled a debate about how often women should get mammograms, but research shows that many doctors don't follow best-practice guidelines. NPR's Anders Kelto looked into why that's the case.
ANDERS KELTO, BYLINE: Let's start with a medical procedure that's pretty straightforward - cataract surgery. People get it when the lenses in their eyes become cloudy, usually with age.
CATHERINE CHEN: The procedure itself is relatively painless and quick. It usually takes about 15 - 20 minutes at the most.
KELTO: That's Dr. Catherine Chen, an anesthesiologist and researcher at the University of California, San Francisco. She says there's a lot of evidence about what should and shouldn't be done before the procedure.
CHEN: There have been guidelines out since at least 2002 that have recommended that these patients do not need any additional preoperative workup prior to surgery.
KELTO: They don't need chest x-rays, blood work or EKGs like older patients do for more complicated surgeries, but Chen had noticed that a lot of doctors ordered these tests for cataract patients anyway. So she dug into the numbers and found something surprising. Over half of ophthalmologists who did cataract surgery on Medicare patients were ordering unnecessary tests. Chen says that's the same number as 1995.
CHEN: In about 20 years, nothing really has changed in terms of physician performance.
KELTO: Chen published her findings in the current New England Journal of Medicine. So why were doctors ordering these unnecessary tests? Dr. Steven Brown, who teaches family medicine at the University of Arizona, has studied that very question. He says a lot of physicians believe it helps.
STEVEN BROWN: Because they think somehow that this is going to make the patient more likely to do well in surgery when it is not.
KELTO: Other doctors, he says, just don't know the latest guidelines. And a lot of times, a doctor will think a surgeon or anesthesiologist requires a certain test before surgery, and it becomes...
BROWN: This sort of, like, game of tag, where you're doing something because you think somebody else wants it, even if you don't really want it.
KELTO: So that's the case with cataract surgery. There's a clear consensus on what should be done, and yet a lot of doctors don't do it. Now imagine what happens when the science isn't clear. Dr. Albert Wu, the head of Health Services Research at Johns Hopkins, says that's the case with breast cancer screening.
ALBERT WU: There's really a lot more ambiguity about what is the right thing - what's appropriate, what's not appropriate.
KELTO: Different organizations, he says, have different guidelines. A group called the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force says women should get screened every other year beginning at age 50. Meanwhile, the American Cancer Society and American College of Radiology say it should be every year starting at 40.
WU: And in those cases, it's even easier for individual preferences to reign.
KELTO: In other words, doctors are more likely to follow their gut when there are differing opinions. And then, Wu says, there's fear. Imagine that a healthy 40-year-old woman walks into your office and asks about a mammogram.
WU: If that woman were to develop breast cancer or to have breast cancer, you could imagine what might happen to you if you didn't order the test.
KELTO: A doctor might get sued, he says. Doctors hear stories about this sort of thing all the time, and Wu says it can affect their judgment.
WU: Emotion and recent events do influence our decision making. We are not absolutely rational decision-making machines.
KELTO: So a lot of doctors, Wu says, end up practicing medicine based on fears about the patient in front of them, not on what guidelines say is best. Anders Kelto, NPR News, Washington. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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