President Biden is rolling out the red carpet for India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi, welcoming him to Washington with an honor reserved for the closest allies of the United States — a state visit that includes a glitzy black-tie dinner.
It's a sign of the importance the White House places on its relationship with India, the world's most populous country, which it sees as an indispensable partner in countering the influence of China.
But it's also a sign of the delicate balance Biden is trying to maintain between his geopolitical strategy and his campaign promise that human rights would be a central focus in his foreign policy.
India prides itself on being the world's largest democracy. And while the country continues to have vibrant elections, experts worry that much of what makes a liberal democracy thrive is currently being undermined in India under Modi.
"The accusations of backsliding, religious bigotry, attacks on the press, attacks on civil society make this a particularly awkward moment in which to celebrate the two democratic countries coming together to contest China," said Irfan Nooruddin of Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, who studies democracies and democratic institutions.
Earlier this year, Indian tax authorities raided local BBC offices after the network aired a documentary that was critical of Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots where over 1,000 people died, mostly Muslims. The Indian government has outright banned the documentary.
Democratic allies want Biden to speak out
More than 70 Democratic members of Congress signed a letter urging Biden to discuss human rights and democratic values during this week's visit.
Biden told reporters that he had a "good discussion" with Modi about democratic values, and said both countries "cherish freedom and celebrate the democratic values of universal human rights which face challenges around the world and in each of our countries, but which remain so vital to the success of each of our nations. Press freedom, religious freedom, tolerance, diversity."
Modi — who doesn't usually participate in press conferences — told a U.S. reporter that he was "actually really surprised" that human rights groups have raised issues of discrimination against religious minorities and crackdowns on free speech. He defended his government's track record on human rights.
"We have always proved that democracy can deliver and when I say deliver, this is regardless of caste, creed, religion or gender — there's absolutely no space for discrimination," Modi said.
The White House is concerned about issues of press freedom and religious liberty in India, and officials privately raise the matters with their Indian counterparts, a senior Biden administration official told NPR, speaking about sensitive diplomatic issues on the condition of anonymity.
"I think the key is, how we handle it," the official said. "Indian interlocutors feel very uncomfortable when they feel that they've been lectured or dealt with through very public displays."
Concerns about China are a big part of the U.S.-India relationship
Biden told reporters that the relationship between the United States and India is "among the most consequential in the world." There are common interests between the two countries on health care, climate change, education, and technology.
Biden and Modi announced a long list of deals on Thursday, demonstrating the breadth of the strategic relationship. This includes a plan to jointly produce GE's F414 jet engine in India, a new Micron semiconductor facility in India, cancer research, and a pilot for more quickly adjudicating work visa renewals.
But experts say the most important convergence between the two countries is national security. The White House views China as the single biggest foreign policy threat of the current era.
"The China factor is really an accelerant in the relationship," said Akriti (Vasudeva) Kalyankar from the Stimson Center's South Asia Program.
Biden and Modi did not mention China in their prepared remarks — but China is an "undeniable" factor in the bilateral relationship, said the senior administration official who spoke with NPR. "Our view is that this is an absolutely critical period to build a strong relationship with India ... and one of the reasons why is that it helps in our overall strategy in the Indo-Pacific," the official said.
And this view isn't limited to the White House. Republican and Democrats in Congress have similar concerns about China's impact in the region.
"[The] relationship with India is incredibly important in stabilizing the security situation in the Indo-Pacific region and enabling us to basically lower the possibility of conflict," said Rep. Raja Krishnamoorthi, D-Ill., a ranking member on the House Select Committee on China.
India has its own concerns about China
Modi has his own concerns about China, given the historic rivalry and border conflicts between the two nations, said Ben Rhodes, who worked on national security issues in the Obama White House.
Because of that, Rhodes said he thinks the White House could be more outspoken about democratic backsliding and treatment of Muslim minorities in India without risking continued collaboration with India on the national security issues.
"I think that Modi is doing this for what he perceives as India's interests in having a bloc of countries that can counter China," Rhodes said.
Another point of contention has been Russia's war in Ukraine. India has refused to condemn the war, while Biden has led Western support for Ukraine.
Biden on Thursday said he talked with Modi about "our shared efforts to mitigate the humanitarian tragedies unleashed by Russia's brutal war in Ukraine." Modi said India's emphasis has been on "resolution of dispute through dialogue and diplomacy. We are completely ready to contribute in any way we can to restore peace."
"I think that the Biden administration has been willing to set aside their differences over Russia because they really are playing a long game with India. And they see China as the long-term threat," said Lisa Curtis, director of the Indo-Pacific Security Program at the Center for a New American Security, who spent years working on South Asia foreign policy in the U.S. government.
U.S. policymakers and foreign policy experts see this state visit as a critical moment to cement ties that are going to be vital for the next 50 years.
"India is going to have influence in this region. It's inevitable with its growing economy, its huge population," said Curtis. "And it's very important for the United States to remain closely engaged, even if there are bumps in the road."
Transcript
DEBBIE ELLIOTT, HOST:
President Biden is rolling out the red carpet for India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi, a state visit complete with a black-tie dinner in Washington tonight. It's a sign the White House views India as an indispensable partner in its effort to counter China's rise. But the warm welcome is drawing some criticism. NPR White House correspondent Asma Khalid joins us now. Good morning.
ASMA KHALID, BYLINE: Good morning.
ELLIOTT: So first, why now? Why is the U.S. courting India so heavily?
KHALID: Well, India has the largest population of any country on the planet at this point. And in Modi, it also has a leader who really wants to see India as a global power. I will also say, though, that it is no secret that this White House sees China as the single biggest foreign policy threat. A senior administration official told me that while the relationship between India and the U.S. is very broad, China is an undeniable factor. You know, the two countries border each other. And I will say, this view is not limited to the White House. Modi will also be addressing a joint meeting of Congress today. I spoke with Congressman Raja Krishnamoorthi. He's a ranking member on the House committee that's focusing on China threats.
RAJA KRISHNAMOORTHI: That relationship with India is incredibly important in stabilizing the security situation and enabling us to, basically, lower the possibility of conflict.
ELLIOTT: So if India and the U.S. have common interests around national security, they are not on the same page about everything. There has been some criticism. What is that about?
KHALID: Well, Biden came into office also talking about how his foreign policy was really going to center human rights and democracy. And India makes that conversation tricky.
IRFAN NOORUDDIN: The reports coming out of India on a regular basis are quite concerning.
KHALID: Irfan Nooruddin is a professor at the Georgetown School of Foreign Service. And he points out that while India is indeed the world's largest democracy, with vibrant elections, a large part of what makes a liberal democracy function is currently being undermined in India under Modi.
NOORUDDIN: Accusations of backsliding, religious bigotry, attacks on the press, attacks on civil society make this a particularly awkward moment in which to celebrate the two democratic countries coming together to contest China.
KHALID: For example, earlier this year, Indian tax authorities raided local BBC offices after the network aired a documentary that was critical of Modi's role in the riots in the Indian state of Gujarat, where over 1,000 people died, mostly Muslims. The government outright banned the documentary.
You know, earlier, I mentioned this senior Biden official I spoke with. Well, they acknowledged, you know, yes, human rights and religious freedom in India are worrying. And they do discuss these issues. But it's delicate. The official told me Indians feel uncomfortable if they think the Americans are lecturing them in public. But some do think the White House could be more vocal about its values, even as it seeks to work with India to counter China. Ben Rhodes worked on national security in the Obama administration.
BEN RHODES: I've been in the room with Prime Minister Modi over the years. And it's clear to me that, you know, he has his own deep concerns about China. They've had border conflicts with China.
KHALID: And for that reason, Rhodes thinks the White House could be more outspoken without the worry of losing India's collaboration on China.
RHODES: Because I don't think it's entirely transactional. I think that Modi's doing this for what he perceives as India's interests in having a block of countries that can counter China.
KHALID: Another point of contention between the U.S. and India is the war in Ukraine. Modi has refused to condemn Russia. Lisa Curtis spent years working on South Asia policy in the U.S. government.
LISA CURTIS: The Biden administration has been willing to set aside their differences over Russia because they really are playing a long game with India.
KHALID: You know, 10 years ago, Biden was in Mumbai. He was vice president at the time. And he spoke about the U.S.-India relationship as being the defining partnership in the coming century. Many experts agree that China is the accelerant in this relationship. But this is a critical moment to cement ties that are going to be vital for the next, say, 50 years.
CURTIS: India is going to have influence in this region. It's inevitable with its growing economy, its huge population. And it's very important for the United States to remain closely engaged, even if there, you know, are bumps in the road.
ELLIOTT: So engagement, even with bumps in the road. Asma, the question is, do we expect anything concrete to come out of this week's visit?
KHALID: Biden and Modi are announcing a plan to build fighter jet engines in India. And, you know, this is just one of a long list of announcements. There's also efforts to deepen cooperation on issues ranging from visas to cancer research to space exploration.
ELLIOTT: NPR's White House correspondent Asma Khalid, thank you.
KHALID: Thank you. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
300x250 Ad
300x250 Ad