Honeybee deaths rose last year. Here's why farmers would go bust without bees
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Beekeeper Steven Reese inspects his hives at Bennett Orchards in Frankford, Del.Allison Aubrey / NPR -
Each spring, just as his blueberry bushes are flowering, Hail Bennett rents bees from a commercial beekeeper to pollinate his plants.Allison Aubrey / NPR -
Last year, beekeepers lost 48.2% of their colonies. It's the second-highest loss since 2010 to 2011, when a survey started recording annual losses.Allison Aubrey / NPR
If you like to eat blueberries, apples, almonds and other fruits that require pollination, you can thank a honeybee. Farmers could not grow these crops without the essential service bees provide.
"We depend on honeybees for our existence," says Hail Bennett of Bennett Orchards in Frankford, Del., which has just opened its fields to u-pick visitors for peak season.
Each spring, just as his blueberry bushes are flowering, Bennett rents loads of bees from a commercial beekeeper. For three weeks, the bees buzz around, moving millions of grains of pollen within and between flowers to pollinate the plants.
"It's pretty amazing how much work the bees have to do," Bennett says. There are millions of flowers on his 6 acres of blueberries, and "each flower has to be visited six to eight times by a honeybee in order to be fully pollinated," Bennett explains as he splits open a plump berry to inspect its seeds.
"You want to have at least 15 seeds in the fruit, Bennett says, looking approvingly as he counts them. "That tells you the flower was adequately pollinated in the spring," he says.
Bennett recalls hearing stories about the collapse of honeybee colonies when he was in high school. Across the country bees were disappearing from their hives. Now, a new survey of beekeepers finds bees are still struggling.
"Over the entire year, we estimate that beekeepers lost 48.2 % of their colonies," says Dan Aurell, a researcher at Auburn University's bee lab, which collaborates with the nonprofit Bee Informed Partnership to perform the survey.
The report covers the period between April 2022 and April 2023 and included 3,006 beekeepers from across the U.S. This year's count marks the second-highest estimated loss rate since 2010 to 2011, when the survey started recording annual losses.
"This is absolutely a concern," Aurell says. "This year's loss rates do not amount to a massive spike in colony deaths, but rather a continuation of worrisome loss rates."
"It's bad," says former USDA research scientist Jeff Pettis, in regard to the survey findings. "It shows beekeepers are still being affected by a number of challenges," he says. Beekeepers are finding they need to work harder to maintain their colonies, says Pettis, who is the president of Apimondia, an international federation of beekeepers associations.
"A major concern for bees is the Varroa mite," Pettis says. It's a small parasite that feeds on bees and makes it difficult for them to stay healthy. "It shortens their lifespan," Pettis says. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Varroa is an invasive species that originated in Asia, and Pettis says beekeepers can use organic acids and other synthetic products to protect their bees.
Pettis keeps bees on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where he's had some success using formic acid to treat against Varroa mites. "The organic acids are effective, but they do take time and money," Pettis says.
Other challenges bees face are beyond the control of any one beekeeper, Pettis says. They include the use of pesticides, a loss of nutrition sources for honeybees due to urbanization, or land use practices leading to fewer and less diverse food sources, such as wild flowers.
There's also a concern that can seem hidden in plain sight — climate change. "When you layer on the big, broad issues of climate change, bees are really struggling," Pettis says.
Blueberry farmer Hail Bennett says he aims to be a good steward of the land. He invited a hobbyist beekeeper, Steven Reese, to set up on his farm, which could help some of their visitors learn how crucial bees are to his operation, and to agriculture overall.
Reese is retired from the Air Force and now works as a civilian for the Army. He says beekeeping is relaxing for him, almost a form of meditation. He says it is work to manage his bees, but he's been able to maintain his numbers, and grow his colonies, by dividing hives when some of the bees die. "If I left them feral, so to speak, and allowed them to survive on their own, it would be a much higher loss rate," so the effort is worth it, he says.
Reese says bees never cease to amaze him, with their hive instincts and sophisticated ways of organizing themselves. "They communicate in phenomenal ways," he says.
For farmer Hail Bennett, the bee is paramount. Without bees there are no blueberries.
"It's important for people to understand and remember where their food comes from," Bennett says.
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Transcript
ROB SCHMITZ, HOST:
Across the U.S., beekeepers lost about half of their colonies last year. That's according to a national survey. It's one of the highest death rates on record. Honeybees are crucial to our food supply, and across the country, beekeepers are having to work harder to keep crops pollinated. NPR's Allison Aubrey visited a blueberry farm for a lesson in how it works.
ALLISON AUBREY, BYLINE: If you're up for picking blueberries, Hail Bennett has loads of them. It's peak season at his farm in Frankford, Del.
HAIL BENNETT: I think we've got a good blueberry crop this year. You can tell by the size that they're going to have great flavor.
AUBREY: He says honeybees are the key to a great-tasting berry.
BENNETT: We depend on honeybees for our existence. If it wasn't for bees, the blueberries would be much smaller, and they would not have any flavor.
AUBREY: Each spring, he brings in loads of honeybees. For three weeks, they fly around his many acres of blueberries, moving millions of tiny grains of pollen within and between flowers in order to pollinate the fruit.
BENNETT: It's pretty amazing how much work that the bees have to do, and I don't think a lot of people realize that an acre of blueberries has 2 million flowers, and each flower has to be visited six to eight times by a honeybee in order to be fully pollinated.
AUBREY: He breaks open a berry to inspect the seeds.
BENNETT: Probably 15 to 20 at least, so that tells me that that's a great blueberry. And you want to have at least 15 seeds inside that blueberry fruit, and that tells you that that flower was adequately pollinated in the spring.
AUBREY: He offers me a taste.
BENNETT: I would take that one right there.
AUBREY: This variety is called bluecrop.
BENNETT: I like that balance between the acidity and the sugar.
AUBREY: That one is perfect.
BENNETT: Yeah.
AUBREY: Like, a little tart, but...
BENNETT: This one was a good one right here.
AUBREY: ...Also super sweet.
BENNETT: It tastes like great blueberries. You can't beat anything you get fresh off the plant.
AUBREY: Given the vital service that bees provide, there's been alarm in recent years about the rate at which bee colonies have been dying off. And a new survey that tracks colony deaths shows many beekeepers are still struggling. Dan Aurell of Auburn University is one of the researchers.
DAN AURELL: Over the entire year, beekeepers lost 48.2% of their colonies.
AUBREY: He says bees still face many challenges. This is the second-highest death rate since 2010.
AURELL: This is absolutely a concern. We haven't seen a massive spike, but what our survey is showing is that we're not seeing the kind of improvement that we'd like to see.
AUBREY: The bees that farmer Hail Bennett uses for pollination are brought in each spring by a commercial beekeeper, and these beekeepers are having to work harder to protect their bees. One strategy is to try to fend off parasites like the varroa mite. Here's research scientist and beekeeper Jeff Pettis.
JEFF PETTIS: So certainly, a major concern for bees is the varroa mite. It's a very small parasite that feeds on bees and makes it difficult for them to stay healthy in the summer. But in particular, in the winter, it shortens their lifespan.
AUBREY: Varroa is an invasive species that originated in Asia, and Pettis says he uses an organic acid called formic acid to treat against them, which can help.
PETTIS: It is possible to treat varroa. The organic acids are certainly effective, but they do take time and money.
AUBREY: Other challenges bees face are beyond the control of any one beekeeper. Pettis says they include pesticides, a loss of food sources such as wildflowers...
PETTIS: And then you layer on top of that climate change, the big, broad issues of climate change, and bees are really struggling to survive.
AUBREY: For now, blueberry farmer Hail Bennett says he's trying to be a good steward of the land. He invited a hobbyist beekeeper to set up on his farm so people can better understand this connection.
BENNETT: It's important for people to understand that and remember where their food comes from. And, you know, we depend on honeybees for our existence.
AUBREY: Bottom line, he says, no bees, no berries. Allison Aubrey, NPR News.
(SOUNDBITE OF RIVAL CONSOLE'S "RECOVERY") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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