From Trading Beads To The First Wristwatch, A History Of Shiny Objects
![According to Aja Raden, a Hungarian countess commissioned the first wristwatch from watchmaker Patek Philippe around 1868. "[It] was a spectacularly expensive piece of jewelry," the author says.](http://wfdd-live.s3.amazonaws.com/images/story/From-Trading-Beads-To-The-First-Wristwatch-A-History-Of-Shiny-Objects-459723752-1450205133.jpg)
Aja Raden's new book, Stoned, is about jewelry, but on the first page she lays out a bold statement: "The history of the world is the history of desire."
"There's no more powerful statement than 'I want,' " Raden tells NPR's Audie Cornish. " 'I want that. I want them.' ... Even if it's an issue of survival, you still are driven by what you want and what you are compelled to take or have or maintain."
As Raden tells it, jewelry is the quintessential object of desire — and it's the perfect lens through which to view human history. She makes her case through the stories of eight noteworthy jewels, starting with the glass beads a Dutchman used to buy Manhattan from the Lenape Indians in 1626.
Interview Highlights
On the value of the glass beads that, along with buttons and trinkets, were used to buy Manhattan
The value of those beads was famously calculated at $24. We mass produce them now in the billions and they're worth nothing. At the time, they were hand-blown. They were made by Venetians, either in Venice or in Holland, and they were called trade beads and they were used all over the world sort of like Renaissance-era traveler's checks, because glass was very valuable in places where it didn't exist, like the Americas.
The question ... is "What makes a stone a gem?" Because they're all just rocks, really; some of them aren't even rocks, like amber – it's just fossilized resin, you can actually melt it. What makes a stone a gem is that other people don't have it, that it's exotic, that it's rare, that it excites you when you see it. And that was true of glass beads.
On the first wristwatch
There was a Hungarian countess who needed something that would make a splash. And there were rules, there was a pecking order about how big your diamonds can be, and so she couldn't step outside her rank but she did have a great deal of money. And so she went to Patek Philippe, which everyone knows is one of the greatest watchmakers in the world. So she asked them, "Can you make me a real, working clock small enough to replace the diamond in my bracelet?" And back then technology — just like now — miniaturization meant money. And this was a spectacularly expensive piece of jewelry and it made a sensation. And over a few years, people started to obtain them and they were called "wristlets."
On how World War I machine guns helped popularize wristwatches
Suddenly it was impossible to synchronize firing an automatic weapon with two hands and simultaneously hold pocket watches. And so, during the [Second Anglo-Boer War], which came right before World War I ... [the British] remembered wristlets and they snapped the fronts off [pocket watches] and then strapped them onto their wrists.
When they got home, the war commission started looking into what were called "trench watches" for men. And in World War I, they were the linchpin piece of technology that allowed all the other technology to work, from timed explosives to silent synchronized firing. It does not get its due in military history, but it should.
On how the value of jewelry changes over time
There will always be something that is the rarest rare, that is the most valuable, that immediately telegraphs to everyone ... you're part of the right class, you are privileged. But whether it's diamonds in the 20th century or emeralds during the Spanish Empire or glass beads among the Iroquois, those things absolutely do change. Because, what makes a stone a gem? Is it rare? It is hard to get? Did it come from far away? At some point, we may be trading rocks from Mars as though they were big sparkly jewels no matter what they look like. Just because: How in the world did you get that?
On whether writing the book made her look at her jewelry differently
The truth only ever enhances the luster of something for me. I love being able to look at my pearls and know that that was a parasitic infection 15 years ago. I love knowing that, you know, this glass bracelet I'm wearing was the crown [jewel] of the Iroquois in terms of rarity. I don't find it at all diminishing to what I own. And I'm quite the jewelry hoarder, as you can imagine.
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Transcript
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
Jewelry companies are front and center of the annual Christmas shopping advertising blitz. Don't tell me you haven't seen those romantic images of women cradling velvet boxes. It's all about desire, and author Aja Raden says that desire goes back centuries. It's part of who we are.
AJA RADEN: There's no more powerful statement than I want. I want that, I want them. Even if it's an issue of survival, you still are driven by what you want and what you are compelled to take or have or maintain.
CORNISH: As Raden tells it, jewelry is the quintessential object of desire. And more than that, she says, it's the perfect lens through which to view human history. Her book is called "Stoned: Jewelry, Obsession, And How Desire Shapes The World." And she makes her case through the stories of eight noteworthy jewels, starting with the glass beads a Dutchman used to buy Manhattan from the Lenape Indians.
RADEN: Most experts agree the deal really did go down, and it wasn't just glass beads. It was also buttons, which were made out of shell at the time, and trinkets. But there was a deed of sale for Staten Island, which they bought several days later under the exact same terms. And it still exists in a museum in Amsterdam, whereas the first one has been lost to history.
CORNISH: One of the values of this story is it gets at the idea of value, right? I think...
RADEN: ...Exactly...
CORNISH: ...People look at this story through a modern lens and are dismissive of it, or as you say, see it through a lens of cultural guilt over America's legacy or Western legacy with Native Americans. But when you actually looked into glass beads and their value at that time, you found something interesting.
RADEN: Yes. The value of those beads was famously calculated at $24. We mass-produce them now in the billions and they're worth nothing. At the time, they were hand-blown and they were called trade beads. And they were used all over the world sort of like Renaissance-era travelers checks because glass was very valuable in places where it didn't exist, like the Americas. The question posed in that first section is - what makes a stone a gem? Because they're all just rocks, really. Some of them aren't even rocks, like amber. It's just fossilized resin, you can actually melt it. What makes a stone a gem is that other people don't have it, that it's rare, that it excites you when you see it. And that was true of glass beads.
CORNISH: And this takes me to another story in the book that I love, the wristwatch, because that's another piece of jewelry that was born out of the desire to have something that no one else had, right?
RADEN: That's one of my favorite stories, the first wristwatch. There was a Hungarian countess who needed something that would make a splash. And there were rules; there was a pecking order about how big your diamonds can be. And so she couldn't step outside her rank, but she did have a great deal of money. And so she went to Patek Philippe, which everyone knows is one of the greatest watchmakers in the world. So she asked them, can you make me a real, working clock small enough to replace the diamond in my bracelet? And back then, technology - just like now, miniaturization meant money. And this was a spectacularly expensive piece of jewelry, and it made a sensation. And over a few years, people started to obtain them and they were called wristlets.
CORNISH: But you write that it's really during World War I when wristwatches become popular for men. What role did this piece of jewelry play - right? - in this very important time in history?
RADEN: World War I sort of went from horses and bayonets to mustard gas and machine guns almost overnight. And suddenly, it was impossible to synchronize firing with an automatic weapon with two hands and simultaneously hold pocket watches. And so during the Boer War, which came right before World War I, it was sort of an appetizer, in an unseemly sense. They remembered wristlets, and they snapped the fronts off and they strapped them down to their wrists. When they got home, the war commission started looking into what were called trench watches for men. And in World War I, they were the linchpin piece of technology that allowed all the other technology to work, from timed explosives to silent, synchronized firing. It does not get its due in military history, but it should.
CORNISH: When you finished - when you kind of put down this book and you had done your research, in the end, did it make you look at any of your jewelry differently? You know, when you really broke down and dissected this idea of value, did it make you question some of the things you hold dear?
RADEN: The truth only ever enhances the luster of something for me. I love being able to look at my pearls and know that that was a parasitic infection 15 years ago. I love knowing that, you know, this glass bracelet I'm wearing was the crown jewels of the Iroquois, in terms of rarity. I don't find it at all diminishing to what I own. And I'm quite the jewelry hoarder, as you can imagine.
CORNISH: (Laughter) Well, Aja Raden, thank you so much for talking with us and sharing some of the stories behind these jewels.
RADEN: My pleasure.
CORNISH: Aja Raden, her book is called "Stoned: Jewelry, Obsession, And How Desire Shapes The World." Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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