What Makes A Jam A Jam? Surge In Savory Spreads Presents Riddles For Purists

On a blisteringly hot day at the state fairgrounds in Skowhegan, Maine, Kathy Savoie takes some local blueberries and simmers them in a pot.

She adds onions, ginger, vinegar, mustard seeds, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, black pepper and salt. And, later, she drops in some calcium water, pectin and sugar for consistency.

Clearly, what she calls "savory blueberry ginger conserve" is not your grandma's blueberry jam.

"You take a grilled cheese and then you use some nice local sourdough bread, some nice local cheese and then smear a little bit of savory jam or jelly on there as a spread, and it's a whole different taste experience," says Savoie, who is a home food preservation expert at the University of Maine Cooperative Extension in Falmouth.

So-called "savory jams" are experiencing a surge in popularity. Savory jams overtook Sriracha as the fastest-growing condiment for sandwiches and burgers — with bacon jam leading the pack — in 2015, according to Datassential, a market research company that studies menu trends. Tomato jam — aka classy ketchup — came in second.

Jams made with peppers of all degrees of hotness, flowers and extracts of things like Earl Gray tea and parsley are also growing in popularity.

When it comes to today's jams, says Marissa McClellan, author of the new cookbook Naturally Sweet Food in Jars, "You have to think beyond toast."

Savory jams have a lot of things going for them in the current foodie landscape, says jam maker Savoie. Savoie gave the blueberry ginger conserve cooking demonstration at this year's Kneading Conference in July.

Savory jams allow people to eat local fruits and vegetables year-round and lower the sugar levels found in traditional jams, Savoie says. They also tap into a love affair with foods that marry salt and sugar, says Bret Thorn, senior food editor at Nations Restaurant News in New York City.

The central component of jam is pectin, a natural thickening agent found in many fruits. Traditionally, jam was made by cooking down sugar and fruit. Pectins in the fruit would mix with the sugar, causing a gel to form. Typical jam recipes start with about eight cups of fruit and six cups of sugar, which becomes about 67 percent sugar by weight when cooked down.

"It's a lot of sugar," says Elizabeth Andress, director of the National Center for Home Food Preservation at the University of Georgia in Athens.

In the early 1900s, it became possible to buy pectin from the grocery store. But those pectins were still loaded with sugar. Many years later, in the 1980s, some companies introduced sugar-free pectins that promoted gelling with chemicals like calcium. Jam makers could now attain a jam-like consistency — but with considerably less sugar.

Meanwhile, in France, chefs ushered in today's sweet-savory frenzy with the introduction of salted caramels. Jam would never be the same.

By the 1990s, franchises started rolling out unusual jam flavors — like Chevys Fresh Mex's jalapeño jelly and La Madeleine's onion marmalade.

Now, examples of avant-garde jams abound. At Baltimore Maryland's Blacksauce Kitchen, for instance, a mobile food and catering business dedicated to all things biscuit, owner Damian Mosley wanted to extend the life of his seasonal rhubarb supply while staying true to his BBQ roots.

"I decided one day to see what would happen when I smoked a boxful of rhubarb and turned it into jam," Mosley says. "Much to my amazement, it held onto the smoke."

But what makes a jam a jam? Perhaps the most straightforward definition comes from Thorn. "Just cook something down with sugar, add some pectin, and boom!" says Thorn. "Jam."

But others believe that a proper jam must also be preserved or canned. "People tend to call anything that's just a thickened spread a jam," says Andress. Nobody, for instance, advertises a sandwich with a slathering of "onion sludge."

The issue is more than semantic. Reducing sugar means less gelling and more water, a breeding ground for pathogens such as E. coli and Listeria. Reducing or eliminating fruit, meanwhile, lowers acidity, which can increase the likelihood of botulism, a serious foodborne illness. Preserved jams with a pH higher than 4.6 are not safe for consumption. Andress worries that calling any jam-like spread a jam obscures this crucial safety message.

For jam purists or home cooks keen on preserving the produce from this summer's bounty, going with an established recipe is the safest bet. But it's not always desirable to make a savory jam canning-safe by adding excess acid, such as vinegar or lemon juice, because that can lead to the liquid separating from the gel, a condition called weeping.

When canning, Savoie explains, it's important to listen for the telltale pop, a sign that the canning process has worked. If the process fails, you can repeat the laborious undertaking, or just throw the end result in the fridge and spend the next two weeks slathering it on meat, coupling it with funky cheeses, and handing it out to your neighbors, Savoie says.

Or maybe, go retro, and put it on some toast.

Here's a recipe for caramelized red onion jam from Marissa McClellan's cookbook. (I tried this jam during Savoie's talk and it made me swoon a little).

Caramelized Red Onion Jam

Makes 5 (half-pint/250 ml) jars

3 pounds/1.4 kg red onions, sliced

1 tablespoon neutral cooking oil, like sunflower or grapeseed

1 cup/310 g maple sugar

11/2 cups/355 ml apple cider vinegar

2 tablespoons bottled lemon juice

2 teaspoons kosher salt

Heat the oil in a large Dutch oven over medium-high heat until it shimmers. Add the onions, give them a good stir, and reduce the heat to medium. Cook, stirring regularly for 45 to 50 minutes, until the onions reduce and begin to caramelize. Avoid browning or charring the onions. The goal is to let them melt and develop their sugars.

While the onions cook, prepare a boiling water bath canner and 5 half-pint/250 ml jars.

Once the onions have reduced by about half, add the maple sugar and stir well to combine. Increase the heat to medium-high and cook, stirring constantly for 3 to 4 minutes, until the sugar begins to smell like it is toasting slightly. Add the vinegar and lemon juice and stir to integrate. It will bubble and sputter at first, take care not to breathe in deeply over the vaporizing vinegar. Reduce the heat back down to medium and add the salt. Let the onions cook until the vinegar reduces to a thick, sticky syrup and the onions have melted further into the liquid, about 10 to 12 minutes.

When the jam is finished, remove the pan from the heat. Funnel the jam into the prepared jars leaving 1/2 inch/12 mm headspace. Wipe the rims, apply the lids and rings, and process in a boiling water bath canner for 10 minutes.