If you’ve seen a large building made entirely out of concrete built sometime between the 1950s and 1970s, you’ve probably seen the style of architecture known as brutalism.
People have a lot of feelings about these buildings. NPR interviewed people on the street in front of FBI headquarters in Washington D.C. Built in 1975, it’s a well-known example of brutalism that takes up two city blocks — and that a lot of people dislike.
“I can’t stand it,” said Arielle Carani, a 24-year-old from Chicago. “I work right across the street from it, so I have to look at it every day that I’m in the office. And it’s just so ugly.”
Darren Williams, a 29-year-old from Michigan said, “It kinda looks like a prison with windows. Just a concrete slab stuck in the middle of a city.” And Devon Akmon, a 48-year-old from Ann Arbor Michigan said it looks like “a mass of stone and glass without much architectural detail.”
Nobody we interviewed in front of FBI Headquarters had positive things to say about the brutalist style of the building.
“I think that folks can feel like these buildings are out of scale, and they’re maybe not as beautiful as other types of federal architecture,” said Angela Person, co-curator of a brutalism exhibit at the National Building Museum in D.C. “They just don’t look the same as many other architectural styles that we’ve become accustomed to encountering.”
So what is brutalism and why do people dislike it?
Brutalism started in the 1950s in the U.K. One of its pioneers was Le Corbusier, a Swiss-French architect who did a lot of work in raw concrete after World War II, including housing, religious buildings, and government buildings. He called this style béton brut, meaning raw concrete.
“He was referring to the concrete material as being raw and not something you could totally control the precision of. And he just embraced that. He was such a leading figure that I think other people followed in his footsteps,” said Jeanne Gang, founder of Studio Gang, an architecture firm based in Chicago, New York, San Francisco and Paris.
Person says brutalism is a style of modernism, a movement that appealed to architects and designers because of its material honesty and lack of ornamentation. They felt they were creating beautiful, sculptural buildings that would stand the test of time
She says you can look at brutalist buildings and understand how they are laid out. The materials are presented how they are: There is no plastering, or unnecessary paint or finishes.
There was a building boom after World War II, and many places, such as the U.K. needed to completely rebuild. Person says brutalism became popular for a lot of large, institutional buildings — like big government buildings, campus buildings, and public housing. The brutalist style lent itself to rapid construction and was relatively affordable. Plus, concrete was and remains largely available around the world.
“It was the style of the moment in the postwar period. I think it was a popular style in that time because there was this need to really rapidly scale up the amount of office space for the federal government,” said Person.
Brutalism got a bad rep in the press and sometimes for political reasons too, said Gang. That's because these buildings often represented socially ambitious programs that then went into disfavor. Many brutalist buildings got torn down.
Person says she thinks some of these buildings are in disrepair because it’s been difficult to fund their upkeep and update them.
“If they’re not well-loved, it can be difficult to prioritize finding the funding and maintaining them,” said Person.
Why keeping them around is the green, sustainable move
These buildings were meant to stand the test of time, Person says. But they’re in need of significant investment if they are going to exist for another five decades.
Gang says there is an environmental incentive not to demolish brutalist buildings. The process of curing cement into concrete causes a lot of carbon emissions. Generally, people are now trying to use more environmentally friendly building materials.
But the brutalist buildings have already been built, and the carbon has already been released into the atmosphere.
“So preserving them would really be saving carbon…little nuggets of carbon that you would be saving and reusing,” said Gang. “It’s the most environmentally friendly thing you can do to reuse a building like that.”
Brutalist buildings, though, can be more difficult to maintain. Person says sometimes if the plumbing or electrical must be updated, workers have to run wires or piping outside the walls so they are visible.
Gang has renovated brutalist buildings and says there are a lot of challenges with their preservation. They need to be adapted to accessibility standards, they have outdated mechanical systems, and some building features may be difficult to repurpose.
“If you tear them down, it’s so wasteful that it’s really criminal in a way. It’s like, you could be building on these interesting buildings and make them work for today,” said Gang. “Most people would just say this is not a good building. Let’s tear it down. It’s my impression they would be lost to the wrecking ball if people don’t start to kind of wake up and see the qualities there.”
Obed Manuel and Suzanne Nuyen edited the digital version of the story.
Transcript
STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:
We have a contrary opinion of brutalist architecture. Sounds awful when you say it - btutalist. It's a deliberately plain style. Nobody decorates the raw building materials. So you typically see a lot of concrete in these mid-20th century buildings. To many eyes, they're just ugly. But NPR's Kaity Kline found some people who felt otherwise.
KAITY KLINE, BYLINE: Washington, D.C., is a brutalism hot spot. One good example is the FBI headquarters. The J. Edgar Hoover building takes up two city blocks downtown. All concrete, lots of straight lines, and an insane amount of windows - looking up at it, people have thoughts.
DARREN WILLIAMS: It kind of looks like a prison with windows, just a concrete slab stuck in the middle of the city.
DEVON ACKMAN: A mass of stone and glass with not much architectural detail.
SONYA OWENS: I don't think it's the most attractive building in D.C. It hasn't been washed.
ARIEL CARANE: I can't stand it. I work right across the street from it, so I have to look at it every day that I'm in the office, and it's just - it's so ugly.
KLINE: That was Darren Williams, Devon Ackman, Sonya Owens, and Ariel Carane (ph).
ANGELA PERSON: I think that folks can feel like these buildings are out of scale.
KLINE: Angela Person is an associate professor of architecture at the University of Oklahoma. She says, one of the pioneers of brutalism, Le Corbusier, coined the term beton brut, which roughly translates to raw concrete.
PERSON: What he meant was this idea of pared back architecture that's raw and really sort of honest in its materials. You can understand how the building is held up, whether it's made of concrete or steel.
KLINE: Brutalism became a popular way to rebuild after World War II, she says.
PERSON: Because it could be relatively rapidly constructed, relatively affordably constructed.
KLINE: Person is a co-curator of a new exhibit at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., called Capital Brutalism. The eight-monthlong exhibit explores the history of seven brutalist buildings in the capital through photos, drawings and archival documents. The goal, she says, is to get people to consider the possibilities these buildings present today. Architect Jeanne Gang is a contributor to that exhibit. She says, architects see brutalism a little differently.
JEANNE GANG: With architects, there is an appreciation.
KLINE: She's the founder of the firm Studio Gang and says, one way to see brutalism is through its accessibility.
GANG: Everyone has concrete in every part of the world because they have the earth that's below them, which is used.
KLINE: And if you don't like the way brutalist buildings look, Gang says it's actually environmentally friendly to renovate them.
GANG: The energy and the embodied carbon in the materials that made them was already sent into the atmosphere when they were built. When you tear them down, you're adding more energy to these structures.
KLINE: The production of concrete is responsible for around 8% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions, according to a 2020 study from Princeton University.
GANG: So it's kind of, like, so wasteful that it's criminal in a way. It's like, you could be building on these interesting buildings and make them work for today.
KLINE: Gang says, with the proper funding, brutalist buildings can be transformed. One just has to get past the outside to see what's possible on the inside. Kaity Kline, NPR News, Washington.
(SOUNDBITE OF ORIONS BELTE'S "SPEAKEASY") Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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